IG经济词汇-Population

更新时间:2023-05-10 10:32:39 阅读：评论：0

IG经济词汇-- Population

Population	人口	Population refers to the total number of inhabitants（居住者） of a particular country. Economists are interested in population size becau people are esntial for the economic prosperity（经济繁荣） and also responsible for the depletion(耗尽）of the Earth’s resources.
Population growth	人口增长	Population growth refers to the rate of change in the size of a country’s population. Change in population size can have huge and long-lasting effects on the world’s economy and the natural environment. Birth rate, death rate, fertility rate and net migration are the four key factors which affect population growth. Other factors are life expectancy, social changes, natural disasters etc.
Birth rate	出生率	The birth rate measures the number of live birth per thousand of the population in a year. The higher the birth rate, the greater its population growth will tend to be.
Fertility rate	生育率	Fertility rate measures the average number of children born per woman, thus indicating the potential for population change in a country. Fertility rates above two children indicate a growing population with a declining median age for the population. Fertility rates tend to fall as an economy develops, due to the higher opportunity cost of raising children. (Singapore, Macau，HK lowest 0.78, 0.92, 1.09)
Net migration rate	净移民率	Net migration rate = immigration（移入）- emigration(移出）
demographics	人口特征人口统计学的	Demographics include differences in the composition (组成）of gender, age distribution and the dependency rate
Dependency ratio	依赖人口比例	Dependency ratio = dependency population/working population. Dependent population include all tho between 0-14 and tho aged 65 and above as well as full time students and the unemployed. The higher the dependency ratio, the greater the tax burden on the working population to support tho who are not economically active. It can ri due to high birth rates, higher compulsory school leaving age or social changes.
Optimum population	最优人口数量	A country is under-populated if it does not have sufficient labour to make the best u of resources. While a country is over-populated if the population is too large, given the available resources of the country.
Malthusian growth theory	马尔萨斯（1766-1834）人口发展理论	Malthus suggested that uncontrolled population growth would put pressures on the resources of the country, thus negatively impacting living standards. This is becau population growth occurs at a geometric rate, 1, whereas food production only grow at an arithmetic rate,1.2,

The changing size and structure of the population has effects on an economy. It has an impact on the following:

1. Consumers : The demand for goods and rvices changes with variations in population trends,. Customers have different demands bad on their age, gender, religion, ethnic group and family size. Senior people spend more of their money on health care. By contrast, parents of young children might spend more on housing, education, clothing, family vacations and toys.

2. Firms: The demand for, and supply of, labour will change following long-term changes in population trends. For example, rapid population growth should increa the future supply of labour. By contrast, the combination of low birth rates and net emigration will reduce the future supply of workers in the country.

3. Government: A growing population can bring about benefits if it means the government is able to collect more tax revenues from a larger workforce. However, it can also mean added pressure for the government to provide more public rvices, welfare b

enefits and state pensions. As a result, many governments have introduced compulsory pension savings schemes and have raid official retirement ages. (France 60-62-68)

4. The economy: Continual population growth puts more pressure on an economy’s scarce resources. This can lead to inflationary pressures or an increa in the demand of imports if the country cannot produce enough to meet the needs and wants of the population.

5. The natural environment: An increa in size of a population also puts strain on the environment. Non-renewable resources are depleted in the production process and the increa level of production also put strain on the natural surroundings. For example, pollution and traffic congestion are by-products of overpopulated region of the world.

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