英语语言学笔记
一、绪论
语言学的定义
语言学的研究范畴
几对基本概念
语言的定义
语言的甄别特征
What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.
语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人
类所有语言的特性。
The scope of linguistics ×9 语言学研究的范畴
Phonetics语音学 Phonology音系学 Morphology形态学 Syntax句法学
Semantics语义学 Pragmatics语用学 Sociolinguistics社会语言学
Psycholinguistics心理语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学
Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性
Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually u.
Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations研究 are bad on authentic可信, and mainly spoken data数据.
Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is bad on "high" written language
Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study
The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study
In modern linguistics, synchronic study ems to enjoy priority优先 over diachronic study.
Speech and writing 口头语与书面语
Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:
（1） speech precedes优先与 writing in terms of evolution 发展，演变
（2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing
（3） speech is the form in which infants婴儿 acquire their native language
Language and parole 语言与言语
Language refers to the abstract概要 linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community
Parole refers to the realization实现 of language in actual u
Competence and performance 能力与运用
Chomsky defines competence as the ideal urs' knowledge of the rules of his language
Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication
★ What is language? 什么是语言？
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication
Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 × 4
1. Language is a rule-governed system
2. Language is basically vocal
3. Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration例证 of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet": "A ro by any other name would smell as sweet."）
4. Language is ud for human communication
Design features of language 语言的结构特征 星火 P146-147
American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:
1） arbitrariness 任意性
First discusd by Saussure索绪尔, refers to the fact that the forms of linguistics signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.For instance, we cannot explain why a book is called a /buk/.
2） productivity 创造性
3） duality 二重性 指语言是声音与意义双重结构组成的系统
4） displacement移位性 语言的使用者可以理解并且创造无限数量的新句子
5） cultural transmission 文化传递性
二、音系学
语言的声音媒介
什么是语音学
发音器官
音标……宽式和严式标音法
英语语音的分类
音系学和语音学
语音、音位、音位变体
音位对立、互补分部、最小对立
几条音系规则
超切分特征
Two major media of communication: speech and writing
The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language.
用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。
Phonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic声音的 medium媒介 of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language.
Three branches of phonetics : 1）articulatory phonetics 发音语音学（most highly developed）, 2）auditory phonetics 听觉语音学，3）acoustic phonetics 声学语音学
Organs of speech 发音器官
The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities腔:
The pharyngeal cavity咽腔——the throat
The oral cavity口腔——the mouth
The nasal cavity 鼻腔——the no
Vibration振动 of the vocal cords （声带） results in a quality of speech sounds called "voicing" 浊音，which is a feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。
单词补充：
01） velum: The soft palate. 软腭
02） uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块
