名词性从句
一、由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句
that引导名词性从句时，本身没有什么意思，它只起一个连接作用。①that 引导主语从句时，一般不可省略，且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面，前面用it代替that从句；当然，当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语；如主句是感叹句时，必须用it作形式主语，把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时，在不引起歧义的情况下，that可以省略；that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有：except、but、in 等)，如介词引导that从句作宾语，常常在其后加it，在加that从句作宾语。③that 从句作表语从句，一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句，一般不可省略。He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day．他告诉我第二天他来固安。
如何区别where 引导的定语从句与状语从句
1．where 引导定语从句时，where 是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行词，where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如：
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here．
我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。
This is the hou where I lived two years ago．
这就是我两年前住的那所房子。
2．where 引导状语从句时，where 是从属连词，where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如：
Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet．
武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。
I found my books where I had left them．我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。
有时，where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面，而where 引导的定语从句则不能。例如：
Where there is a will，there is a way．(谚语)有志者事竟成。
Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方就有生命。
3．在有些情况下，where 引导的定语从句可转换为where 引导的地点状语从句。例如：
A tall building was put up at the place where there ud to be a dert．( = A tall building was put up where there ud to be a dert．)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。
Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often．( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often．温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。
二、由疑问词引导的名词性从句
[讲解]由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句，偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时，其句型结构应该采用以下两种：1．疑问词+ 主语+ 谓语动词+ 其他
2．本身是主语的疑问词+ 谓语动词+ 其他
不管采用哪种句型，其词序总是正装的，即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。
1)What you need is more practice．(主语从句)
3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space．(动词宾语从句)
4)This reminded me of what he had once told us．(介词宾语从句)
1. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A. When
B. What
C. That
D. /
2. _____ I accept the gift or refu it is none of your business.
A. If
B. Whether
C. Even if
D. No matter when
3. _____ he is doing ems quite difficult.
A. How B . That C. Which D. What
4. _____ that there is another good harvest this year.
A. It says
B. It is said
C. It was said
D. He was said
5. _____ that she has received a doctor‘s degree.
A. It’s a splendid news
B. This is a splendid news
C. It‘s splendid news
D. This is splendid news
6. _____ still needs to be discusd.
A. How is the plan to be carried out
B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out
D. Why the plan carried out
7. _____ is unknown to us all.
A. Where did she put it
B. Where she put it
C. That where she put it
D. In which she put it
8. _____ nothing to do with us.
A. What he did is
B. What he has done is
C. What did he do has
D. What he has done has
9. That‘s _____ the Party called on us to do.
A. what
B. that
C. how
D. why
10. The re ason why I have to go is _____ if I don‘t.
A. that she will be disappointed
B. becau she will be disappointed
C. on account of her being disappointed
D. that she will be disappointing
11. It was _____ he worked hard that he succeeded.
A. becau
B. since
C. as
D. for
12. I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word “infinity” mean
B. what the word “infinity” means
C. what the meaning of the word “infinity”
D. what the word “infinity” mean
13. _____ do you think will teach us maths next term?
A. Whom
B. Who
C. What
D. That
14. Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest
B. that she is honesty
C. she is honest
D. is she honest
15. He often thinks of _____ he can do more for the four modernizations.
A. what
B. how
C. that
D. which
1. C BDBC 6-10BBDAA 11-15ABBCB
过去分词
一、过去分词做定语和表语
1)过去分词作定语。作定语的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。如：You can drink boiled water，not boiling water．
你可以喝白开水，但不可以喝沸腾的水。
2)作表语，过去分词作表语，多表示主语的状态。如：
This machine part is broken．这个机器零件坏了。
二、过去分词作宾补
与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。
1)表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补：e，hear，watch，feel，find，think等
We hear the music played by the band．我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。
Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都认为这场战役输掉了。
2)作使役动词的宾补，它们是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等
When you speak，you have to make yourlf understood．说话时要让人听懂。
Plea keep us informed of the latest（fresh）development．
请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。
3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补，它们是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。
The viewers wish the rial film(to be)continued．
观众们希望这部系列片继续下去。
She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow．
他要此项工程明天以前完成。
三、过去分词作状语
1)表时间
(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加热后，这种金属会膨胀。
(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．这对夫妇一边工作，一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。
像第二句那样当强调时间概念时，过去分词之前可用连词when，while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprid，he couldn't say a word．
他大吃一惊，一时说不出话来。
(Becau she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．
那姑娘因受老师责备，而愤愤不平。
3)表让步
Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀请，我也不愿去。
4)表伴随
He stared at me(he was)astonished．（Get one’s eye on）他两眼瞪着我惊恐万分。
Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。
5）表条件
Given more time，we could do it much better.如果多给点时间，我们会做的更好。
