调研的决策问题有哪些类型
决策有哪些类型？
按决策的作用分类（1）战略决策.是指有关企业的发展方向的重大全局决策,由高层管理人员作出.（2）管理决策.为保证企业总体战略目标的实现而解决局部问题的重要决策,由中层管理人员作出.（3）业务决策.是指基层管理人员为解决日常工作和作业任务中的问题所作的决策.2．按决策的性质分类（1）程序化决策.即有关常规的、反复发生的问题的决策.（2）非程序化决策.是指偶然发生的或首次出现而又较为重要的非重要复性决策.
．按决策的问题的条件分类（1）确定性决策.是指可供选择的方案中只有一种自然状态时的决策.即决策的条件是确定的.（2）风险型决策.是指可供选择的方案中,存在两种或两种以上的自然状态,但每种自然状态所发生概率的大小是可以估计的.（3）不确定型决策.指在可供选择的方案中存在两种或两种以上的自然状态,而且,这些自然状态所发生的概率是无法估计的.4,按决策的风格来分,可分为：行为决策；概念决策；命令决策；分析决策.5、按决策的方法来分,可分为：有限理性决策和直觉决策.
决策的类型和特征
一、决策分类
根据环境的可控程度，决策问题可分为三种类型,即确定型决策、风险型决策和不确定型决策。
一、 Decision classification
According to the controllable degree of the environment, decision-making problems can be divided into three types: definite decision-making, risk decision-making and uncertain decision-making.
1．确定型决策
决策者掌握准确、可靠、可衡量的信息,能够确切地知道决策的目标以及每一备选方案的结果，常常可以很容易地迅速对各个方案进行合理的判断。例如,在其他条件不变的状态下，比较各个供应商提供的价目表做出购买决策,此时的决策问题就是确定型的。
1. Deterministic decision-making
Decision makers have accurate, reliable and measurable information, can accurately know the objectives of decision-making and the results of each alternative, and can often easily and quickly make a reasonable judgment on each scheme. For example, when other conditions remain unchanged, comparing the price lists provided by various suppliers to make purcha decisions, the decision-making problem is deterministic.
2.风险型决策
决策者虽不能准确地预测出每一备选方案的结果，但却因拥有较充分的信息而能预知各备选方案及其结果发生的可能性。此时的决策问题就是如何对备选方案发生的概率做出合理估计，选择出最佳方案。但是无论选择哪一个方案，风险都是不可避免的。
2. Risk bad decision making
Although the decision-makers can not accurately predict the results of each alternative, they can predict the possibility of each alternative and its results becau they have sufficient information. At this time, the decision-making problem is how to reasonably esti
mate the probability of alternative schemes and choo the best scheme. However, no matter which scheme is chon, the risk is inevitable.
3．不确定型决策
因面对不可预测的外部条件或缺少所需信息而对备选方案或其可能结果难以确切估计，大多数工商企业面临的决策问题都是这种类型。这种不确定性的因素主要来自两个方面:一是决策者无法获得关键信息，二是无法对行动方案或其结果做出科学的判断。
3. Uncertain decision-making
Most industrial and commercial enterpris face this type of decision-making problems becau it is difficult to accurately estimate the alternatives or their possible results in the face of unpredictable external conditions or lack of required information. This uncertainty mainly comes from two aspects: one is that decision-makers are unable to obtain key information, and the other is that they are unable to make scientific judgments on the action plan or its results.
决策问题大多是风险型的和不确定型的,面对此类决策，决策者常常处于一种难以取舍的两难困境。管理研究与管理实践中不断发展形成的科学决策方法则在很大程度上使风险型和不确定型问题转化成了确定型问题，从而有利于做出科学决策。
Most decision-making problems are risk-bad and uncertain. In the face of such decisions, decision-makers are often in a dilemma. The scientific decision-making methods developed in management rearch and management practice turn the risk-bad and uncertain problems into deterministic problems to a great extent, which is conducive to making scientific decision-making.
