英语语法——句子结构
在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
主+谓
1.S(主） + Vi（不及物动词）（谓）
Time flies.
1) S + V + adverbial(状语）
Birds sing beautifully.
2) S + Vi+ prep Phra（介词短语）
He went on holiday.
3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式）
We stopped to have a rest.
4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词）
I'll go swimming.
主+谓+宾
1) S + Vt + N/Pron
I like music. I like her.
2) S + Vt + to do (不定式）
I want to help him.
常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promi, propo, purpo, refu, want, wish等。
3) S + Vt + doing
I enjoy living here.
常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advi, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excu, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。
4) S + Vt + That-从句
I don't think (that) he is right.
常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, doubt, expect, explain,
主+系+表
S (主）+ V（谓）（lv)( 系动词）+ P（表）
We are Chine.
除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, em 等。2) 表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, em, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, t, cut, occur等 5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。
1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词）
He is a boy.
This is mine.
2) S + Lv + Adj（形容词）
She is beautiful.
3) S + Lv + Adv (副词）
Class is over.
4) S + Lv + Prep Phra
He is in good health.
5) S + Lv + Participle(分词）
He is excited.
The film is interesting.
主+谓+间宾+直宾
S (主）+ VT （谓）+ Oi（间接 宾）+ Od（直接宾）
I give you help.
1) S + Vt + N/Pron + N
I nt him a book.
I bought May a book.
上述句型可以变为：S + Vt + N/Pron + To/for-phra
He nt a book to me.
He bought a coat for me.
2) S + Vt + N/Pron + That-clau
He told me that the film was great.
常用于这句型的动词有：assure, inform, promi, remind, teach, tell, warn等。
3) S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-Clau
He asked me what he should do.
常用于这句型的动词有：Advi, ask, inform, show, teach, tell.
主+谓+宾+宾补
S (主）+ Vt（谓）+ O（宾） + C（宾补）
I make you clear.
1) S + Vt + N/Pron + N
We named our baby Tom.
常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choo, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名）。
2) S + Vt + N/Pron + Adj
He painted the wall white.
常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, e, t, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。
3) S + Vt + N/Pron + Prep Phra
She always keeps everything in good order.
4) S + Vt+ N/Pron + to do
I wish you to stay.
I made him work
常用于这句型的动词有：
5) S + Vt + N/Pron + Participle (分词）
I heard my name called.
I feel something moving.
6)S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive(不定式）
He show me how to do it.
常用于这句型的动词有：advi, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。
句子的扩展
常用的英语句子除了基本句型的成分不变通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是
各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。
We found the hall full.
我们发现礼堂坐满了。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers.
我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.
我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.
我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位作有关东欧局势的重要报告。
