1.verbal communication
1.言语交际V erbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.
当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。
2.非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communication refers to intertional u of non-spoken symbol to communicate a specific message .
运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s u of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。
Communicative context is more likely to affect our communication with tho who have different culture from ours or hold our language as their cond language.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. It’s the information that surrounds an event, it is in extricably bound up with the meanin
g of the event.
4.Culture is a learned t of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
5.Subculture are formed by groups of people posssing characteristic traits that t apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.
亚文化：具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
6.Culture identity refers to one’s n of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.
文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
7.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people who culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
跨文化交际：指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
8.跨民族交际interethnic communication：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。
9.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。
10.时间行为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and u time.是指研究人们如何看待和使用时间。
11.时空行为：proxemics refers to the perception and u of space including territoriality and personal space.指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。
12. Oculesics目光语：The study of communications nt by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光传递的交流信息。
13.气味行为Olfactics：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics对通过味道进行交流的研究。
14.触觉行为Haptics:refers to communicating through the u of bodily context .通过身体接触来进行交流。
15.身势语行为Kinesics：is the term ud for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.
指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。
16.色彩学Chromatics:r efers to the study of color u in affecting people’s mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影响你的情绪，情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研究。
17.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis；萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设
It is a universal truth that language is influenced by culture and in turn it reflects culture.
In short, they hold that our perception of reality is determined by our thought process, and that thought process are limited by our language, therefore, language shapes our perception of reality. This is also known as linguistic determinism.
18.Visible culture;
19.invisible culture;
20.Artifacts; which include items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogen bombs, magic charms to electric lights, and chariotto jet planes.
21.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.
规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
22.feedback；反馈refers to that portion of the receiver respon of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
23.Function of nonverbal communication;
repetition/accentuation/substitution/contradiction/regulation
24.Characteristics of culture/communication;\
Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric
Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual
25.Characteristics of nonverbal communication;omniprent/shared/learned
定势stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals bad on any obrvable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。
移情Empathy:being able to e and feel things from other people’s points of view能够以他人的观点看待和感受事情。
Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。
Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。
世界观worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanity and nature.指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。
种族主义是基于种族Racism is any policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or st
atus to individuals bad on their race.把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。
Sexism
偏见Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or xual orientation.偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。
委婉语：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。
禁忌语：T aboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people，or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。
Ethnocentrism means preferencing an individual’s culture over the cultures of any other group。The commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.
cultural values
个人主义individualism:broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individuals,it emphasizes individual initiative, independence, individual expression ,and even privacy .
collectivism/holism集体主义;it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than onelf (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish lf from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .
High-context means that "most of the information is either in the physical context or initialized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message." (Hall, 1976, p 79).
low-context; In contrast, a low-context communication is "the mass of information is vested in the explicit code" (p 70).
denotation;the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
connotation; the sugge stiv e meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
interpersonal relationship;
人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for tho others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
Kinship term;
address term；称呼语
Cultural shock: refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。
Eye-contact;
environment language;
Basic terms and concepts:
verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language Easier to u words to reprent one‟s experiences within the same culture becau p eople share many similar experiences.
More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures becau people‟s experie nces, beliefs, values, customs, traditions and the like are different.
nonverbal communication: it is “all tho messages that people exchange beyond the words themlves.” it is a system of symbols, signs and gestures developed and ud by members of a culture to bring specific messages to expression. communicative context:
It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come i nto play, including the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, t he facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touc h and the distance we stand from each other.
Culture:can been en as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to ac t appropriately in a given culture.Culture is a learned t of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
sub-culture / co-culture: a subculture is a group of people within a culture that differentiates themlves from the larger culture to which they belong.
Cultural identity:is the identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as one is influenced by one's belonging to a group or culture. Cultural identity is similar to and overlaps with, identity politics.
intercultural communication: refer to communication between people who cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. interethnic communication:refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds .
intracultural communication:is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .
stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals bad on any obrvable or believed group membership.
Empathy移情:being able to e and feel things from other people’s points of view. Enculturation all the activities of learning one‟s culture are called enculturation Acculturation:the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an incread similarity between the two cultures
worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanity and nature.
Racism：is any policy, practice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals bad on their race.
Sexism is prejudice or discrimination bad on a person's x. Sexist attitudes may stem from traditional stereotypes of gender roles,and may include the belief that a person of one x is intrinsically superior to a person of the other.
Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular
