初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义
语篇学语法——从句
I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place①where the meeting was going to be heldwas on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop②becau the drivers were not able to e more than a yard in front of them.The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.
Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and thought③ that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain④that I was not able to arrive there on time.Then I heard a young man’s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppo⑤you are lost.Can I help you?”I was very glad to have a man⑥who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.
⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered⑨why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,” he said.
“But in such a fog it’s impossible to e anything,”I said.
“I am blind, sir.” he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.”
在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。
1.简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。
Eg：My uncle gives me a camera.
2. 并列句：由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的，通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上的句子，
Eg：Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn’t..
Study hard and you will make progress.
3.复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句有相应的连词引导）组成的句子。
因此，复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构（完整的句子），句子与句子之间用连接词连接。其中，主句部分可以独立存在，但从句担当了主句某一句子成分，故通常不能独立存在。根据从句在句子中充当的成分，可以将其分为6类，即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
※从句的本质：
名词性从句
1. 主语从句：，而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。
eg: (1) What you need is more practice.
(2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.
(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.
(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.
注：有时，为了避免将太长的主语放在句首而使句子显得头重脚轻，通常用代词it做形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面。例如：
(1) It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.
(2) It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good.
主语从句引导词：①连词that （在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义），
②连词whether（意思是“是否”）
③连接代词what，whatever，who，whoever，which等引导，
④连接副词when，where，how，why等引导。
2. 表语从句：。跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语。
eg: (1) That is what I want to say.（what在从句中充当，不能省略）
(2) My opinion is that we should make a decision right now.
(that只引导，本身无词义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分，可以省略)
(3) The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident.
(who在从句中当，不能省略）
(4) What I want to know （从句）is who is in charge of the work（从句）.
(用于引导从句的what和引导从句的who都不能省略)
(5) It looks as if it’s going to rain. （looks是系动词）
3. 宾语从句：，在动词或介词的后面通常都跟有宾语。
引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样，是that, whether ( if ), who，whoever，which，when，where, how, why，what，whatever等。例如本文中出现的几个宾语从句：
(1) I stood there and thought③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain ④that
I was not able to arrive there on time.第③句是thought的宾语从句，第④句是explain的宾语从句。
(2) I suppo ⑤you are lost.(这是suppo的宾语从句，省略了that).
(3) Afterward I told him ⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.
（这是told的宾语从句，充当间接宾语，引导词where在从句中充当状语）
(4) I wondered ⑨why he found his way so easily.(wondered的宾从，why在从句中充当状语）
另外：宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外，还可以跟在介词的后面，充当介词的宾语。
Eg：Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.
（充当介词except的宾语）
What we should take with us （主语从句）depends on where we’ll stay.
（充当介词on的宾语）
在使用宾语从句时，要注意：
1）宾语从句的时态
①当主句是过去时的某种时态时，从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态。
Eg：The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years.
②但如果主句是现在的时态，则从句的时态根据从句本身的实际情况而定。
Eg：Iam glad that you pasd the exam.
2）that在引导宾语从句通常都省略，如上文中的第⑤句。
3）如果主句中it做形式宾语，而that引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时，that不能省略。Eg：Many studentstake it for granted that their parents should do everything for them.
（it是形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语，不能省略that）
形容词性从句
5. 定语从句：。在全句中相当于形容词，用来修饰先行词（即被定语从句修饰的词）——名词或代词，或修饰整个主句。定语从句属于非独立性从句，本身不能独立存在，应该紧跟在它的先行词之后。根据与先行词之间关系的密切程度，定语从句分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。由关系代词(who, whom, who, which, that, as)或关系副词(when, where, why)引导的从句，
限制性定语从句：与先行词的关系密切，如果将定语从句删掉，那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清，另外，限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。
如上文中：The place①where the meeting was going to be heldwas on the other side of the town.
I was very glad to have a man⑥who could take me to the meeting.
非限制性定语从句：对先行词做进一步的解释或说明，如果删除掉，不影响整个句子的基本意思，通常用逗号与主句部分分开。例如：
(1) A student, who name I don’t know, comes to e you.
(2) They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for a week.
(3) Tom didn’t pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.
