英文文献引用规范
1、文献引证
参考文献引用的规范按（the American Psychological Association）规范，本节提供部分实例，供参考。
1.1 正文中的引证
学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。
1.1.1 引用整篇文献的观点
引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).
另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如：
Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in
their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).
如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，如：
In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.
在英文撰写的论文中引用中文着作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：
(Zhang, 2005)
1.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字
引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如:
Emily Bronte “expresd increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether xual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).
Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) rious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when the are personal effusions).
注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：(1988, pp. 39-40)。
假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expresd increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether xual or social” (1988, p. 11).
1.1.3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献
两位作者:
Rearch (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could u English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cas.
三至五位作者:
第一次引用：
According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).
以后的引用：
? To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).
五位以上的作者：
Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003)
1.1.4 引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：
Well-established SLA rearchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) em rather skeptical of the asrtion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a cond language (N. Ellis, 2002).
引用中文着作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如：
(W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)
1.1.5 引用团体作者（corporate author）
引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：
Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).
1.1.6 引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：
(“Mad Cow,” 2001)或者(Sleep Medicine, 2001)
在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
在APA的规范中，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以
及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。
1.1.7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：
Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discour organization.
Rearchers may obrve that Chine English majors with no overas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).
1.1.8 引用同一作者的多篇文献
按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004)
括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)
同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别（正文后参考文献着录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母），如：
(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)
1.1.9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：
Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the dia and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994).
引用非直接文献（indirect source）
论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献condary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
One rearcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献着录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）。
对引语文字的更改
直接引语如出现在正文中间，使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法，不得出现“句中句”。图1.1右边一栏两句句子均包含了引语，但均不合语法。
图1.1直接引语
正确：
So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter[ing] effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63).
正确：
Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59). 错误：
So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63).
错误：
Max Lu thi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale …is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child”(59).
为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法，往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句，可以用省略号（ellips“…”）取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组，则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号（square brackets“[ ]”）以内。例如：
删除词句：
He stated, “The ‘placebo effect,’ ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied. 添加词组：
Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner.”
无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。
注意：如果删除是在句内，应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后，则应在该整句最后的标点（句号、问号或惊叹号）不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。
1.2 参考文献着录的格式
参考文献着录在APA规范里叫做References。本节仅提供部分着录实例，供参考。
1.2.1 着录已出版的文章
一位作者写的文章
Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.
注意：（1）在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。（2）在APA规范里期刊的卷数（即“28”）应用斜体表示。（3）按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。
两位作者写的文章
Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.
两位以上的作者写的文章
Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.
第一作者以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字或者名字的首字母，但是从第二作者开始，以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字的首字母。
如果作者人数超过三人，也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字，加上et al.（拉丁文“and others”），如：
Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.
书评、影评、电视节目评论等（Review）
Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66, 558-562.
收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited book）
Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome rearch. In S. Ro (Ed.), Ca management: An overview and asssment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman.
