Indoor Environmental Health
Indoor environmental health compris tho aspects of human health and dia that are determined by factors in the indoor environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of asssing and controlling factors in the indoor environment that can potentially affect health. The practice of indoor environmental health requires consideration of chemical, biological, physical and ergonomic hazards.
室内环境健康包括那些方面的人类健康和疾病是由室内的因素决定的
environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of asssing and controlling factors in the indoor environment that can potentially affect health. The practice of indoor environmental health requires consideration of chemical, biological, physical and ergonomic hazards.
环境。它也指的是理论和实践的评估和室内环境的控制性因素，可能会影响健康。室内环境健康的实践需要考虑化学，生物，物理和符合人体工程学的危害
It is esntial for engineers to understand the fundamentals of indoor environmental health becau the design, operation, and maintenance of buildings and their HVAC systems significantly affect the health of building occupants. In many cas,buildings and systems can be designed and operated to reduce the exposure of occupants to potential hazards. Unfortunately, neglecting to consider indoor environmental health can lead to conditions that create or worn tho hazards.
工程师要了解基本是必不可少的室内环境健康因为设计，操作，和建筑和HVAC系统的维护明显影响建筑物的居住者的健康。在许多情况下，建筑和系统的设计和操作，减少人员暴露于潜在危险。不幸的是，没有考虑室内环境健
BACKGROUND
背景
The most clearly defined area of indoor environmental health is occupational health, pa
rticularly as it pertains to workplace airborne contaminants. Evaluation of exposure incidents and laboratory studies with humans and animals have generated reasonable connsus on safe and unsafe workplace exposures for about 1000 chemicals and particles. Conquently, many countries regulate exposures of workers to the agents. However, chemical and dust contaminant concentrations that meet occupational health criteria usually exceed levels found acceptable to occupants in nonindustrial spaces such as offices, schools, and residences, where exposures often last longer and may involve mixtures of many contaminants and a less robust population (e.g., infants, the elderly,and the infirm) (NAS 1981).
室内环境健康最明确的地区是职业健康，特别是因为它涉及到工作场所空气中的污染物。曝光事件和实验室研究与人类和动物的评价产生的安全和不安全的工作场所暴露约1000化学品和颗粒合理的共识。因此，许多国家规定工人这些药物暴露。然而，化学和粉尘污染浓度符合职业卫生标准通常高于发现在非工业场所如办公室，学校，住宅，居住者在可接受的水平，风险往往持续时间较长，可能涉及许多污染物的混合物和一个不太可靠的人口（例如婴幼儿，老年人，和体弱者）（NAS 1981）。
Operational definitions of health, dia, and discomfort are controversial (Cain et al. 1995). However, the most generally accepted definition is that in the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO): “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the abnce of dia or infirmity.”
健康，疾病和不适的操作性定义，是有争议的（该隐等人。1995）。可是，最普遍认可的定义是：世界卫生组织（WHO“健康是一个完整的身体、良好的社会适应能力和良好的心理的组合而并非只是没有疾病或虚弱。
Definitions of comfort also vary. Comfort encompass perception of the environment (e.g., hot/cold, humid/dry, noisy/quiet,bright/dark) and a value rating of affective implications (e.g., too hot, too cold). Rohles et al. (1989) noted that acceptability may reprent a more uful concept of evaluating occupant respon,becau it allows progression toward a concrete goal. Acceptability is the foundation of a number of standards covering thermal comfort and acoustics. Nevertheless, acceptability varies between climatic regions and cultures, and may change over time as expectations change.
定义的舒适性也有所不同。舒适性包括环境感知（例如，热/冷，湿/干，吵/安静，亮/暗）和情感意义的价值等级（例如，太热，太冷）。rohles等人。（1989）指出，感知可能是一个更有用的评价乘员响应的概念，因为它允许对一个具体的目标的进展。感知是以一系列的热舒适和声音的标准为基础。不过，在不同气候区域与文化间，感知可能随预期的改变而发生变化。
Concern about the health effects associated with indoor air dates back veral hundred years, and has incread dramatically in recent decades. This attention was partially the result of incread reporting by building occupants of complaints about poor health associated with exposure to indoor air. Since then, two types of dias associated with exposure to indoor air have been identified: sick building syndrome (SBS) and building-related illness (BRI).
关于室内空气对健康的影响的关注可以追溯到几百年，近几十年来也大大增加。尤其注意的是增加的住户健康不佳与暴露于室内空气相关的投诉的报告结果。此后，两类与暴露于室内空气引起的疾病已经确定：疾病大厦综合征（SBS）和建筑相关疾病（BRI）。
SBS describes a number of adver health symptoms related to occupancy in a “sick” building, including mucosal irritation, fatigue,headache, and, occasionally, lower respiratory symptoms and naua. There is no widespread agreement on an operational definition of SBS. Some authors define it as acute discomfort (e.g., eye, no,or throat irritation; sore throat;headache; fatigue; skin irritation;mild neurotoxic symptoms; naua; building odors) that persists for more than two weeks at frequencies significantly greater than 20%;with a substantial percentage of complainants reporting almost immediate relief upon exiting the building.
SBS介绍一些在被称为“生病”的相关的不良健康症状，包括粘膜刺激，疲劳，头痛，和，偶尔，下呼吸道症状和恶心。在SBS的业务上的定义没有达成共识。有些作者把它定义为急性不适（例如，眼睛，鼻子，或喉咙发炎；喉咙痛；头痛；疲劳；皮肤刺激性；轻度神经毒性症状；恶心；建筑的气味），持续超过两周的频率显着大于20%；有相当比例的投诉报告几乎立刻在退出。
The incread prevalence of health complaints among office workers is typical of sick building syndrome (Burge et al. 1987;Skov and Valbjorn 1987). Widespread occurrence of the symptoms has prompted the World Health Organization to classify
SBS into veral categories (Morey et al. 1984):
在办公室工作人员健康的投诉率增加是典型的疾病大厦综合征（Burge等人。1987和1987）；valbjorn SKOV。这些症状普遍发生，促使世界卫生组织把SBS分几类（莫雷等人。1984）：
• Sensory irritation in the eyes, no, or throat
眼睛，鼻子和喉咙过敏
• Skin irritation
皮肤过敏
• Neurotoxic symptoms
神经毒性症状
• Odor and taste complaints
嗅觉味觉过敏
Sick building syndrome is characterized by an abnce of routine physical signs and clinical laboratory abnormalities. The term nonspecific is sometimes ud to imply that the pattern of symptoms reported by afflicted building occupants is not consistent with that for a particular dia. Additional symptoms can include nobleeds, chest tightness, and fever.Some investigations have sought to correlate SBS symptoms with reduced neurological and physiological performance. In controlled studies, SBS symptoms can reduce performance in susceptible individuals (Mølhave et al. 1986).Building-related illness, in contrast, have a known origin, may have a different t of symptoms, and are often accompanied by physical signs and abnormalities that can be clinically identified with laboratory measurements. For example, hypernsitivity illness, including hypernsitivity pneumonitis, humidifier fever,asthma, and allergic rhi
nitis, are caud by individual nsitization to bioaerosols.
