音标复习
1.英语字母----英语(English )所基于的字母,共 26个。分为元音字母 和辅音字母。其中a, e, i, o, u 为元音字母, 其它为辅音字母;
*元音字母不一定是元音发音,如字母 u,它发/?/时,是元音,但发/j u : /
时,是辅音/ j /和元音/ u: /的组合。所以我们会说 a usual day, an unusual day,所以单词发音对我们英语学习还有不少影响。
2.音标---词的语音形式,是用来标记每一个词或字母的读音的书面符号。 国际音标----国际语音学协会拟定的一套全世界各族语言都适用的标音 符号。
英语国际音标共 48个,分元音和辅音。
按基本分法,元音分单元音和双元音。
■- 、_K
兀音:
单元音(12个)
[i : ],[e 或& ],[ a:] ,[ ? : ],[ ?:或? : ],[u :],
[i ] , [ ?], [ ?] , [ ? ], [ ?或?], [u]
单元音中[i : ],[ a:] [ ? : ],[?:或?: ],[u :]为长元音,
其余单元音为短元音;
双元音(8个)
[ei] [ai] [ ?i] [ ?u] [au] [i ?] [ & ?] [u ?]
所有双元音都是长元音 辅音:
清辅音(11个)
[p],[t] ,[k] ,[f] ,[ 9 ] ,[s] ,[? ],[t ? ],[ts] ,[tr] ,[h]
浊辅音(11个)
[b],[d],[g] ,[v] ,[ e] ,[z] ,[ ?],[d ?],[dz] ,[dr] ,[r],
鼻音(3个)
[m],[n] ,[ ?],
边音(1个)
[l]
半元音(2个)
[w] ,[j]
3.什么叫音节?
英语的单词至少包含一个音节。
音节一般以元音为主进行划分,每个音节一般由 一个元音字母或一个元音字
母组合加上一个或几个辅音构成。
如:dog [d ? g], head [hed] 等,这些单词只有一个音节,叫做 单音节词。
含有两个音节的词叫做双音节词,如:student[ ' stju:d ?nt]。
含有三个或三个以上的音节叫做 多音节词,女口 : medical [ ' medik?l]。
4.什么叫重音?
在双音节词和多音节词中有一个音节读得特别重而强,其他音节读得相对轻 一些或弱一些,这种读音强弱现象合在一起叫做单词重音。
5.什么叫重读闭音节?
先了解什么是“闭音节”,要满足两个条件:
条件1)――以一个辅音字母(r除外)结尾,而中间只有一个元音字母的音节 成为闭音节,如:
desk [desk], big [big] 。这里元音字母不是发它本身的字母音。
或者这样来记:闭音节 辅音+元音+辅音,如:sit , bed, bad, bag,
hot, hop, let , mad, map, head
条件2)――元音字母在闭音节中读它们的 短音。
如: a读作[? ],e读作[e],i读作[i ], o 读作[? ],u读作[u]或[?]等。 如果闭音节重读,就叫重读闭音节。或者说:
(1).必须是重读音节;
(2).中间只有一个元音字母,而最后只有一个辅音字母;
(3).元音字母发短元音。
单词变形要特别注意的几点
6.什么时候 双写末字母加 ed或ing ? 重读闭音节。
注意:以-r音节结尾的词,虽然不是闭音节,但如果是重读音节,也要双写 r字
母, 再力卩-ed ,女口 prefer--- preferred ; refer---referred ;
7.什么时候去e加ing ? 以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去e,再加ing
另外:
1) 以不发音的e结尾的动词,直接加一do例如:
live — lived, hope — hoped
2) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i再加一ed。例如:
study — studied, cry — cried
3) 以元音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed
played, enjo yed , stayed, destroyed
动词 ing 形式双写 的有:sit, put, get, stop, beg in, swim, prefer, travel,
run,t, shut, spit, split, dig, cut, win 等
动词力卩 ed 双写的有:stop ,drop ,fit , prefer , permit, travel (travel 可双写也可不双写),还有
beg ---- begged ---- begging drip ---- dripped ---- dripping
prefer---preferred refer---referri ng fit ---- fitted ---- fitti ng
hug ---- hugged ---- hugged equip-equipped---equippi ng
pla n ---- pla nned ---- pla nning rid ---- ridded ---- ridd ing
rob ---- robbed ---- robb ing regret ---- regretted ---- regrett ing
rub ---- rubbed ---- rubb ing submit----submitted 等
常见字母组合的音标
[ ei ]
ay—way, say, play, pay, may, lay ai—rain, tail, pain, nail, paint ey—they, grey ei—eight ea—break
[ i: ]
ea—eat, clean, a, tea, pea, teacher, leave, plea, peach, meat, leaf, weak ee—bee, e, jeep, teeth, feet, green, street, sheep, week, meet
[ e ]
ea—bread, head, headmaster, sweater, sweat
[ ai ]
ie—tie, pie, lie, die ei—either , write (开音节) igh— light, fight, night, tight, high, right, sight y—sky, fly, dry, cry, try, my, type, spy
[ ou ]
ow— yellow, low, bowl, window, show, know, row oa—boat
[ ju: ] ui — suit ew— few, new
[ u: ]
ue—Sue, blue, glue ui —fruit, juice, suit , two oo—moon, zoo, food, room, classroom, rooster, too, boots, roof
[ u ]
oo—book, foot, wool, cook, look, tool u— put, full, pull
[ a: ]
ar —car, arm, card, park, garden, are, class, hard, farm, cart
[ ?:]
or —morning, fork, hor, or, orange, short, for al—small our — four oor — door
au—August, naughty, autumn aw— paw, draw, strawberry
[ ?]
■ ■ "I ■ g ■ ■ ■
oi—coin, oil, point, noi, noisy, poison oy—boy, toy, destroy
[ ?: ] er—her ir —birthday, dirty, bird, girl, sir ur —turn, fur, hurt, nur, turtle, pur or —work ear—learn
[ ?]
er —sister, brother, under, winter, marker, mother, rubber, perhaps or —actor
[ au ]
ou—hou, mouth, out, count, out, round, playground, our, shout, mou ow— towel, cow, how, brown, flower, tower, down, now
[ i?]
ere— here ear—hear, dear, ear eer— deer
[& ?]
air — chair, pair, , hair, upstairs are—care, share, hare ear—pear, bear, wear eir — their ere— there, where
oor[ u?]— poor
all [ ?:l ] —call, tall, fall, ball, wall, all bl [ bl ] —blue, black, blou, block pl [ pl ] —plane, play, plus
gl [ gl ] —glue, glass, glove, globe
cl [ kl ] — clock, , class, cloud, clean, climb, clo, clap
fl [ fl ] — fly, floor, flower, flay, flat, flu
ble [ bl ] —table dle [ dl ] — needle kle [ kl ] — sickle ple / pil [ pl ] —apple, people, pupil tle [ tl ] —turtle, kettle, bottle cil [ sl ] —pencil
sc [ sk ]—school, scale, scarf
sk [ sk ] —skip, skate, skin
sp [ sp ]— spoon, speak, spend, spell, spaceship
st [ st ]— stamp ,upstairs, still, instead, store, stand, student, stay, start, stick sl [ sl ] — slow, sleep, slice, slot, slippery sm [ sm ]—smile, small, snake, smell sn [ sn ]— snowman, snow, snake sw [ sw ] —sweet, swim, swallow