直译与意译，归化与异化
直译与意译之争
中国汉唐时期的“文”与“质”之争（实际上是意译与直译之争）
主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和通顺强调译文的可读性（意译）；主张“质”的翻译家则强调翻译的不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性（直译，甚至是硬译）。
两者都有片面性。
literal translation, generally speaking, means “not to alter the original words and ntences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the ntiments and style of the original”.
It takes ntences as its basic units and takes the whole text into consideration at the same time in the cour of translation.
Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.
Free translation, also called liberal translation, is an alternative approach which is ud mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its ntence patterns or figure of speech.
This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible to translate the original literally.
直译与意译
直译：literal translation；意译：free translation
直译的例子：
crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪；
armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿；
chain reaction 连锁反应；
gentlemen’s agreement 君子协定
one country, two systems 一国两制；
The three religions and the nine schools of thought
三教九流； paper tiger 纸老虎；
Breathe one’s last 断气；
go to one’s external rest 安息；
the long sleep 长眠；
e Marx 见马克思；
go west 上西天；
go to heaven 上天堂；
blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡；
kick the bucket 蹬腿
You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket
直译不等于死译(dead translation):
街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。
Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.
“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.
她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：
She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father.
