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现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning
9.1 Caus of Changes in Word Meaning
9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change
9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative U of Words
Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words.
9.1 Caus of Changes in Word Meaning
A.Historical cau 历史原因
It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed be
cau the object which it denotes has ch寒假的一件事
anged .
*Changes of meaning becau of incread knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science.
Eg.
pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chine “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”.
atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos ,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, becau scientist have found out that atom can be split.
B.Social cau 社会原因
Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cau of mantic change.
Some technical words have lost their specialized meaning and have come to be ud in more general ns.
Eg.
feedback (Electr.) =means “respon” in common u ,as in “The teacher likes to have feedback from his students”;
allergic (Med.)=means “being unusually nsitive to the action of particular foods, pollens, inct-bites ,etc.”
*A specific environment may add a fresh and highly technical n to a word of general u .
Eg.
energy =(Phys.) ability of matter or radiation to do work
decline =(Gram.) inflect, state the ca-forms of
C.Foreign influences 外来文化影响
A particularly important cau .
eg.
-pig ,sheep ,ox(cow) denote the names of both the animals and their meat in the Old English period ,but since the meat was called pork ,mutton and beef respectively among the Norman conquerors, the original terms are now ud only as the names of the animals.
-dream meant “joy” in OE, it gets its modern n from the related Scandinavian word draumr.
D.Linguistic cau 语言上的原因
*Two tendencies: towards ellipsis 省略and towards analogy 类推.
-Ellipsis as a cau of mantic change often occurs in habitual collocations, such as ad
j.+n.,or attributive n.+n.,in which the noun is often deleted and only the first element (the attributive )is left ,but retaining the n of the whole phra .
eg.
