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For other us, e Barbie (disambiguation).
Barbie
Barbara 'Barbie' Millicent Roberts
First appearance March 9, 1959
Created by Ruth Handler
Information
Nickname(s) Barbie
Occupation See: Barbie's careers
Family See: List of Barbie's friends and family
Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy-company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American businesswoman Ruth Handler (1916–2002) is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.
Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for fifty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parody of the doll and her lifestyle.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Biography
3 Controversies
4 Parodies and lawsuits
5 Collecting
6 Competition from Bratz dolls
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History
The original Barbie was launched in March 1959Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara at play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were reprentations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.
During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across German toy doll called Bild Lilli.[1] The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchad three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was bad on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Die Bild-Zeitung. Lilli was a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available parately.
Upon her return to the United States, Handler reworked the design of the doll (with help from engineer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler's daughter Barbara. The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York on March 9, 1959. This date is also ud as Barbie's official birthday.
Mattel acquired the rights to the Bild Lilli doll in 1964 and production of Lilli was stopped. The first Barbie doll wore a black and white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was available as either a blonde or brunette. The doll was ma
rketed as a "Teen-age Fashion Model," with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand-stitched by Japane homeworkers. Around 350,000 Ba螃蟹煮多久
rbie dolls were sold during the first year of production.
Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance, and early market rearch showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll's chest, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, most notably in 1971 when the doll's eyes were adjusted to look forwards rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model.
Barbie was one of the first toys to have a marketing strategy bad extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely by other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every cond.[2]
The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately 1/6th scale, which is also known as playscale.[3] Barbie products include not only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a large range of Barbie branded goods such as books, appar
el, cosmetics and video games. Barbie has appeared in a ries of animated films and is a supporting character in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3.
Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1974 a ction of Times Square in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week. In 1985 the artist Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie.[4][5]
In 2009, Barbie celebrated her 50th birthday. The celebrations included a runway show in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week.[6] The event showcad fashions contributed by fifty well-known haute couturiers including Diane von Frstenberg, Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, and Christian Louboutin.[7][8]
Biography
Barbie's full name is Barbie Millicent Roberts. In a ries of novels published by Random Hou in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin.[9] In the Random Hou novels, Barbie attended Willows High School, while in in the Generation Girl books published by Golden Books in 1999 she attended the fictional Manhattan International High School in New York City (bad on the real-life Stuyvesant High Schoo
l[10]).
She has an on-off romantic relationship with her boyfriend Ken (Ken Carson), who first appeared in 1961. A news relea from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up, but in February 2006 they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover.[11]
Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, hors, a panda, a lion cub, and a zebra. She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pink Corvette c
onvertibles, trailers and jeeps. She also holds a pilot's licen, and operates commercial airliners in addition to rving as a flight attendant. Barbie's careers are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1965), Doctor Barbie (1988) and Nascar Barbie (1998).
Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic Teresa, Midge, African American Christie and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). Barbie's siblings and cousins were also created including Skipper, Todd (Stacie's twin brother), Stacie (Todd's twin sister), Kelly, Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004.[12]
See List of Barbie's friends and family
Controversies
Barbie's popularity ensures that her effect on the play of children attracts a high degree of scrutiny. The criticisms leveled at her are often bad on the assumption that children consider Barbie a role model and will attempt to emulate her.
Barbie's waist has beenie10
widened in more recent versions of the dollOne of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman, leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become anorexic. A standard Barbie doll is 11.5 inches tall, giving a height of 5 feet 9 inches at 1/6 scale. Barbie's vital statistics have been estimated at 36 inches (chest), 18 inches (waist) and 33 inches (hips). According to rearch by the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 percent body fat required for a woman to menstruate.[13] In 1963 the outfit "Barbie Baby-Sits" came with a book entitled How to Lo Weight which advid: "Don't eat."[14] The same book was included in another enmble called "Slumber Party" in 1965 along with a pink bathroom scale reading 110 lbs.[15], which would be around 35 lbs. underweight for a woman 5 feet 9 inches tall.[16] In 1997 Barbie's body mold was
redesigned and given a wider waist, with Mattel saying that this would make the doll better suited to contemporary fashion designs.[17][18]
"Colored Francie" made her debut in 1967, and she is sometimes described as the first African American Barbie doll. However, she was produced using the existing head molds for the white Francie doll and lacked African characteristics other than a dark skin. The first African American doll in the Barbie range is usually regarded as Christie, who made her debut in 1968.[19][20] Black Barbie was launched in 1980 but still had white features. In September 2009, Mattel introduced the So In Style range, which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of black people than previous dolls.[21]
In July 1992 Mattel relead Teen Talk Barbie, which spoke a number of phras including "Will we ever have enough clothes?", "I love shopping!", and "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each
doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phras, so that no two dolls were likely to be the same. One of the 270 phras was "Math class is tough!" (often misquoted as "Math is hard"). Although only about 1.5% of all the dolls sold said the phra, it led to criticism from the American Association of University Women. In October 1992 Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say the phra, and offered a swap to anyone who owned a doll that did.[22]
Oreo Fun Barbie from 1997 became controversial due to a negative interpretation of the doll's nameIn 1997 Mattel joined forces with Nabisco to launch a cross-promotion of Barbie with Oreo cookies. Oreo Fun Barbie was marketed as someone with whom little girls could play after class and share "America's favorite cookie." As had become the custom, Mattel manufactured both a white and a black version. Critics argued that in the African American community Oreo is a derogatory term meaning that the person is "black on the outside and white on the inside," like the chocolate sandwich cookie itlf. The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making it sought after by collectors.[23]
In May 1997 Mattel introduced Share a Smile Becky, a doll in a pink wheelchair. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-year-old high school student in Tacoma, Washington with cerebral palsy, pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie's $100 Dream Hou. Mattel announced that it would redesign the hou in the future to accommodate the doll.[24][25]
In March 2000 stories appeared in the media claiming that the hard vinyl ud in vintage Barbie dolls could leak toxic chemicals, causing danger to children playing with them. The claim was rejected as fal by technical打屁股的方法
experts. A modern Barbie doll has a body made from ABS plastic, while the head is made from soft PVC.[26][27]
In September 2003 the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls, saying that she did not conform to the ideals of Islam. The Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice stated "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted West. Let us beware of her dangers and be careful."[28] In Middle Eastern countries there is an alternative doll called Fulla which is similar to Barbie but is designed to be more acceptable to an Islamic market. Fulla is not made by the Mattel Corporation, and Barbie is still available in other Middle Eastern countries including Egypt.[29] In Iran, Sara and Dara羊肚菌作用
dolls are available as an alternative to Barbie.[30]
In December 2005 Dr. Agnes Nairn at the University of Bath in England published rearch suggesting that girls often go through a stage where they hate their Barbie dolls and subject them to a range of punishments, including decapitation and placing the doll in a microwave oven. Dr. Nairn said: "It's as though disavowing Ba
rbie is a rite of passage and a rejection of their past."[31][32]
A Barbie with a lower back tattoo was relead in 2009.In April 2009, the launch of a Totally Tattoos Barbie with a range of tattoos that could be applied to the doll, including a lower back tattoo, led to c
ontroversy. Mattel's promotional material read "Customize the fashions and apply the fun temporary tattoos on you too", but Ed Mayo, chief executive of Consumer Focus, argued that children might want to get tattooed themlves.[33]
Parodies and lawsuits
Barbie has frequently been the target of parody:
In 1993 a group calling itlf the "Barbie Liberation Organization" cretly modified a group of Barbie dolls by implanting voice boxes from G.I. Joe dolls, then returning the Barbies to the toy stores from where they were purchad. [34] [35]
Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode "Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy".
Aqua's song "Barbie Girl" was the subject of a lawsuit by Mattel. [36][37]
Two commercials by automobile company Nissan featuring dolls similar to Barbie and Ken was the subject of another lawsuit in 1997. In the first commercial, a female doll is lured into a car by a doll rembling GI Joe to the dismay of a Ken-like doll, accompanied by Van Halen's You Really Got Me. [38] In the cond commercial, the "Barbie" doll is saved by the "G.I. Joe" doll after she is accidentall
y knocked into a swimming pool by the "Ken" doll to Kiss's "Dr. Love". [39] The makers of the commercial said that the dolls' names were Roxanne, Nick, and Tad. Mattel claimed that the commercial did "irreparable damage" to its products,[40][41]but ttled.[42]
Saturday Night Live aired a parody of the Barbie commercials featuring "Gangsta Bitch Barbie" and "Tupac Ken". [43] In 2002, the show also aired a skit, which starred Britney Spears as Barbie's sister Skipper. [44]
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno displayed a "Barbie Crystal Meth Lab".[citation needed]
Mattel sued artist Tom Forsythe over a ries of photographs called Food Chain Barbie in which Barbie winds up in a blender. [45][46][47]
In November 2002 a New York judge refud an injunction against the British-bad artist Susanne Pitt, who had produced a "Dungeon Barbie" doll in bondage clothing. [48]
Mattel filed a lawsuit in 2004 against Barbara Anderson-Walley over her website , which lls fetish clothing. [49][50]
Collecting
Vintage #5 Ponytail Barbie from 1962 in original boxMattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. Ninety percent are women, at an average age of 40, purchasing more than twenty Barbie dolls each year. Forty-five percent of them spend upwards of $1000 a year. Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the most valuable at auction, and while the original Barbie was sold for $3.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on eBay in October 2004.[51] On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll t a world record at auction of ￡9,000 sterli
ng (US $17,000) at Christie's in London. The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was part of a private collection of 4,000 Barbie dolls being sold by two Dutch women, Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina.[52]
In recent years Mattel has sold a wide range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including porcelain versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie as a range of characters from film and television ries such as The Munsters and Star Trek.[53][54] There are also collector's edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities.[55] In 2004 Mattel introduced the Color Tier system for its collector's edition Barbie dolls, ranging through pink, silver, gold and platinum depending on how many of the dolls are produced.[56]
Competition from Bratz dolls
In June 2001, MGA Entertainment launched the Bratz range of dolls, a move that would give Barbie her first rious competition in the fashion doll market. In 2004 sales figures show赞美老师的语句
ed that Bratz dolls were outlling Barbie dolls in the United Kingdom, although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.[57] In 2005 figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30% in the United States, and by 18% worldwide, with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.[58]
In December 2006, Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $500 million, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the idea for Bratz.[59] On July 17, 2008, a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel. The jury also ruled that MGA and its Chief Executive Officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel pr王楚钦多高
operty for their own u and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed b胡塞尔
y Bryant to Mattel.[60] On August 26, the jury found that Mattel would have to be paid $100 million in damages. On December 3, 2008, U.S. District Judge Stephen Larson banned MGA from lling Bratz. He allowed the company to continue lling the dolls until the winter holiday ason ended.[61][62] MGA is currently appealing against the court's ruling.[63] In August 2009, MGA introduced a
range of dolls called Moxie Girlz, intended as a replacement for Bratz dolls.[64]
