Chapter 1 Introduction
1.Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 请解释以下语言学的定义:语言学是对语言的科学研究。
Linguistics investigates not any particular languagebut languages in general.Linguistic study is scientific becau it is baxxxxd on the systematic investigation of authentic language data.No rious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: obrving the way language is actually udformulating some hypothesand testing the hypothes against linguistic facts to prove their validity.
语言学研究的不是任何特定的语言，而是一般的语言。语言研究是科学的，因为它是建立在对真实语言数据的系统研究的基础上的。只有在语言学家做了以下三件事之后，才能得出严肃的语言学结论:观察语言的实际使用方式，提出一些假设，并用语言事实检验这些假设的正确性。
1.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
语言学小学生画画作品
的主要分支是什么?他们每个人都研究什么?
Phonetics-How speech sounds are produced and classified
语音学——语音是如何产生和分类的
Phonology-How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning
音系学——声音如何形成系统和功能来传达意义
Morphology-How morphemes are combined to form words
形态学——词素如何组合成单词
Sytax-How morphemes and words are combined to form ntences
句法学-词婴儿奶粉品牌
素和单词如何组合成句子
Semantics-The study of meaning ( in abstraction)
语义学——意义的研究(抽象)
Pragmatics-The study of meaning in context of u
语用学——在使用语境中对意义的研究
Sociolinguistics-The study of language with reference to society
社会语言学——研究与社会有关的语言
Psycholinguistics-The study of language with reference to the workings of the mind
心理语言学:研究与大脑活动有关的语言
Applied Linguistics-The application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning
应用语言学——语言学原理和理论在语言教学中的应用
1.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
现代语言学与传统语法有何不同?
Modern linguistics is descxxxxriptive;its investigations are baxxxxd on authenticand mainly spoken language data.
现代语言学是描述性的，它的研究是基于真实的，主要是口语数据。
Traditional grammar is prescxxxxriptive;it is baxxxxd on “high” written language.
传统语法是指令性的，它是以“高级”书面语言为基础的。
1.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic?Why?
现代语言学主要是共时的还是历时的?为什么?
Modern linguistics is mainly synchronicfocusing on the prent-day language.Unless the various states of a language are successfully studiedit will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.
现代语言学主要是共时的，侧重于当代语言。除非语言的各种状态已成功地研究，否则就不可能从历时的角度来描述语言。
1.Which enjoys priority in modern linguisticsspeech or writing?Why?
在现代语言学中，口头语和书面语哪个优先?为什么?
Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguist幼儿园自主游戏
ic study for the following reasons:
在现代语言学研究中，言语优先于写作，原因如下:
1.Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. 就进化而言，语言先于文字。
2.A larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.
更多的交流是通过口头而不是书面进行的。
1.Speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.
言语是幼儿习得母语的形式。
1.How is Saussure’s distinction between language and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?
索绪尔对语言和言语的区分与乔姆斯基对能力和表现的区分有何相似之处?
Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual u of language.Their purpo is to single out the language system for rious study
索绪尔和乔姆斯基都对抽象语言系统和语言的实际使用进行了区分。他们的目的是把语言系统挑出来进行认真的研究。
1.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a goodcomprehensive definition of language? 关于语言特征，你认为 好的、全面的语言定义应该包括哪些?
Language is a rule-governed system. 受规则支配的系统
Language is basically vocal. 基本上是发声的
Language is arbitrary. 任意的。
Language is ud for human communication. 用于人际交往
1.What features of human language have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is esntially different from any animal communication system?
C.霍克特列出了人类语言的哪些甄别性特征来证明它与任何动物的交流系统在本质上是不同的?
Arbitrariness-no logical connection between meanings and soundsto have an unlimited source of exxxxxpressionsa sign of sophistication only humans are capable of
任意性（武断性）——意思和声音之间没有逻辑联系，有无限的表达来源，这是只有人类才能做到的复杂的标志
Creativity-it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its ursThis is why they can produce and undertand an infinitely large number of ntences.Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to nd
创造性——它使得用户可以构造和解释新的信号，这就是为什么他们可以产生和理解无限多的句子.动物能够发出的信息非常有限
