本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文
Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics
抗生素的另一面
Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious dias that virtually everyone has benefited from their u at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of the “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of success in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and ll antibiotics.
抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推
测的优点。美国的出版物、电台或电视台用大量的篇幅报道了有关对细菌的化学战中获得的这些显著功绩。而它的缺点却被生产和销售抗生素的制药公司通过公关活动掩藏了。
In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of the remarkable drugs are much less widely known. And the lack of such knowledge can be bad, especially if it leads patients to pressure their doctors into prescribing antibiotics when such medication isn’t really needed, or leads them to switch doctors until they find one who is, so to speak, antibiotics-minded2.
相比而言，使用这些药物的危险性并不广为人知。结婚英语
对这种知识的缺乏将更糟糕，特别是当患者要求医生开处方用抗生素而事实并不需要，或患者频繁地更换医生直至找到一个同意开抗生素处方的医生。
Becau the good side of the antibiotics story is so very well-known, there ems more point here to a review of some of the immediate and long-range problems that can come from today’s casual u of the drugs. It should be made clear in advance that calamities from the u of antibiotics are rare in relation to the enormous amounts of the
drugs administered. But the potential hazards, so little touched on generally, do need a clear statement.
因为抗生素的好的一面已广为人知，今天抗生素的滥用导致短期或长期问题。我们预先应该知道与抗生素的巨大的使用量相比,它产生危害的例子是少见的。但是，尽管十分少见，需要对这种潜在的危险作一个清楚的说明。
The antibiotics are not, strictly speaking, exclusively prescription drugs. A number of them are permitted in such over-the-counter products as nasal sprays, lozenges, troches, creams, and ointments. Even if the products do no harm there is no point whatsoever in using them. If you have an infection rious enough to warrant the launching of chemical warfare, you need much bigger dos of the antibiotics than any of the non-prescription products are allowed to contain.
严格来讲，抗生素并不全是处方药。许多抗生素被允许作为非处方药(如鼻喷雾剂、键剂、片剂、软膏和乳膏),尽管它们没有危害，也不能随意地使用。如果你患了严重的感染，你就得需要比非处方药所允许最大剂量更大剂量的抗生素了。
Over-the-counter products, however, account for only a small percentage of total antibiotics production. It is the prescription dosages that give people trouble.
然而，非处方药品只是整个抗生素类产品的一小部分，正是处方药物给人类带来了麻烦。
The drugs—even allowing for the diver abilities of the many narrow-spectrum ones and the versatility of the broad-spectrum ones—are not the cure-alls they often are billed as being. There are wide gaps in their ability to master contagious dias. Such important infections as mumps, measles, common colds, influenza, and infectious hepatitis still await conquest. All are virus infections and despite inten efforts, very little progress has been made in chemotherapy against virus. Only small progress has been achieved against fungi. Many strains of bacteria and fungi are naturally resistant to all currently available antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs.
这些药物一即使允许最大能力,很多窄谱抗生素和广谱抗生素也并不是如宣传的那样治疗百病。它们的能力与治疗传染性疾病间还存在很大的差距。如腮腺炎、麻疹、普通感冒、流行性感冒和传染性肝炎等严重感染性疾病仍有待解决。这些都是病毒感染，尽管做出了很
大的努力，但是在抗病毒的化疗药物的研究上几乎没有什么进展。抗真菌药物的研究上只取得一点小成就。很多细菌和真菌对现有的抗生素和其他化疗药物具有耐药性。
Some microorganisms originally nsitive to the action of antibiotics, especially staphylococcus, have developed resistant strains. This acquired resistance impos on the long range value of the drugs a very important limitation, which is not adequately met by the frequent introduction of new antimicrobial agents to combat the problem.
一些原来对抗生素敏感的细菌，特别是葡萄球菌现在也产生了耐药性，这些获得的耐药性对药物的长期使用产生重要的限制，频繁引人新的抗菌药物也不能完全解决这个问题。
It has been pretty well established that the increa in strains of bacteria resistant to an antibiotic correlates directly with the duration and extent of u of that antibiotic in a given location. In one hospital a survey showed that, before erythromycin had been widely ud there, all strains of staphylococci taken from patients and personnel were nsitive to its action. When the hospital started extensive u of erythromycin, however, resistant staphylococcus strains began to appear.
