9.1第一段Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and execution of construction projects. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work. Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management of construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwi formally recorded. In addition to the technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project participants and even which organizations to include in a project. For example, the extent which sub-construction will be ud on a project is often determined during construction planning.
在施工项目的治理和执行中，施工计划是一项基本的并且具有挑战性的活动。它涉及到技术的挑选，工作任务的定义、每一个任务所需资源和坚持时间的估算，以及不同 工作任务之间相互作用的识别等工作。一个好的施工计划是制定工作计划和工作进度的基础。确定施工计划是治理当中的一项重要工作，即使这个施工计划不是书面的或其他正式记录的形式。除了
施工计划技术层面的问题之外，项目组织关于项目参与方之间的沟通和联系所作出的有管决策也是十分重要的。例如，分包商在一个项目中所承担的范畴通常是在施工计划期间决定的。
四 In developing a construction plan, it is common to adopt a primary emphasis on either cost control or on schedule control as illustrated in Fig. 9-1. Some projects are primarily divided into expen categories with associated costs. In the cas, construction planning is cost or expen oriented. Within the categories of expenditure, a distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the performance of an activity and indirectly for the accomplishment of the project. For example, borrowing expens for project financing and Project Management for Construction: Construction Planning overhead items are commonly treated as indirect costs. For other projects, scheduling of work activities over time is critical and is emphasized in the planning process. In this ca, the planner insures that the proper precenes among activities are maintained and that efficient scheduling of the available resources prevails. Traditional scheduling procedures emphasize the maintenance of task precedences (resulting in critical path sc
heduling procedures) or efficient u of resources over time (resulting in job shop scheduling procedures). Finally, most complex projects require consideration of bo安全第一手抄报
th cost and scheduling over time, so that planning, monitoring and record keeping mustconsider both dimensions. In the cas, the integration of schedule and budget information is a major concern. In this chapter, we shall consider the functional requirements for construction planning such as technology choice, work breakdown, and budgeting. Construction planning is not an activity which is restricted to the period after the award of a contract for construction. It should be an esntial activity during the facility design. Also, if problems ari during construction, re-planning is required
在制定一项施工计划时，通常在成本控制或进度控制中采用如图9-1所示的主要的重点。一些项目被主要地分为费用类别以及相关成本。在这些情形下，施工计划是成本或费用导向的。在划分支出类别时，我们将对执行一项活动所发生的直接成本和整个项目完成所需的间接成本予以特别的对待。例如，为 项目融资而产生的借款费用和日常开支项目通常被认为是间接成本。对其他项目来说，制定工作活动随时间的进度是重要的，而且在计划过程中被强调。在这种情形下，施工计划人员遇到的是确保坚持各项工作适当的前导关系，保
证对各项资源得到有效安排。传统的进度程序强调保持任务前导关系或资源随时间的有效利用。工作说说
最后，大部分复杂的项目要求同时考虑成本和进度，所以计划、监控和记录必须考虑这两个尺度。在这些情形下，进度和预算信息的综合是一个重要的关注。
9.4第四段Forgetting a necessary precedence relationship can be more insidious. For example, suppo that installation of dry wall should be done prior to floor finishing. Ignoring this precedence relationship may result in both activities being scheduled at the same time. Corrections on the spot may result in incread costs or problems of quality in the
completed project. Unfortunately, there are few ways in which precedence omissions can be found other than with checks by knowledgeable managers or by comparison to comparable projects. One other possible but little ud mechanism for checking precedences is to conduct a physical or computer bad simulation of the construction process and obrve any problems.
忘记一个必要的先导关系会有隐伏的危害。例如，设想预制墙的安装应当在地板完成之前
进行。忽视这个先导关系会导致这两项活动同时被安排。对这一点的更换会导致成本增正楷字图片大全
加或已完成项目的质量问题。遗憾的是，除了依靠有体会的项目经理进行核对和通过与类似项目进行比较之外，还几乎没有能够发觉工作之间先后顺序关系遗漏的有效方法。一种理论上可行但很少使用的核对先导关系的是对施工过程进行运算化的模拟，并从中观察和发觉问题。
第五段Finally, it is important to realize that different types of precedence relationships can be defined and that each has different implications for the schedule of activities:
● Some activities have a necessary technical or physical relationship that cannot be superded. For example, concrete pours cannot proceed before formwork and reinforcement are in place.
●Some activities have a necessary precedence relationship over a continuous space rather than as discrete work task relationships. For example, formwork may be placed in the first part of an excavation trench even as the excavation equipment continues to work further along in the受伤的图片
trench. Formwork placement cannot proceed further than the excavati
on, but the two activities can be started and stopped independently within this constraint.
● Some "precedence relationships" are not technically necessary but are impod due to implicit decisions within the construction plan. For example, two activities may require the same piece of equipment so a precedence relationship might be defined between the two to insure that they are not scheduled for the same time period. Which activity is scheduled first is arbitrary. As a cond example, reversing the quence of two activities may be technically possible but more expensive. In this ca, the precedence relationship is not physically necessary but only applied to reduce costs as perceived at the time of scheduling.
最后，还应当认识到，虽然我们定义了不同类型的先导关系，但每一种先导关系对于进度计划而言却有着不同的含义：
●某些活动之间有一个必要的技术上的或物理上的关系是不能被取代的。例如，混凝土的浇筑不能在模板和钢筋安装完成之前进行。
●某些工作之间的顺序关系是根据工作空间而非工艺流程来确定的。例如，可以在开挖沟槽的第一部分先安装模板，即使开挖装备连续沿着这条沟槽工作。支设模板虽然不能先于沟槽开挖进行，但两项工作可以在不同的施工段上独立进行。
