damage,harm,hurt,injure,spoil
乍看这几个词,觉得意思都差不多。它们都有“损害,伤害,破坏”的意思。其实,它们之间还是有不同的。damage: “毁坏,损坏”,主要指造成价值,效用,完整性方面的损坏。例如:Mr. Smith, I wonder if we c收款委托书
ould arrange a talk about the damaged cargo sometime.史密斯先生,我们能不能安排个时间商谈破损货物的问题。
The water they had thrown over everything to put out the fire damaged the books.为了灭火,他们把水往一切
东西上泼,把书也损坏了。
损害,伤害”,词义具体,强调带来损失,病痛或痛苦。Though he knows clearly that smoking harms his harm: “
health, he simply cannot give it up.虽然他很清楚吸烟对身体有害,但他就是戒不了。
疼痛,伤害”,尤其指感情或身体遭受创伤。Nothing hurts more than a bad tooth, so he had to go to the hurt: “
dentist to have it pulled out.没有比牙齿坏了更疼痛的了,所以他不得不找牙医拔掉那颗坏牙。My little boy fell off a ladder and hurt himlf.我的儿子从楼梯上摔了下来,把自己摔伤了。
伤害,损害”,一般常指不公正地对待或冤屈某人,即有意识地侵害别人的权利或毁坏别人的健康、injure: “
成就等,也可以指外表、健康、安逸等遭受破坏。The gas polluted the surroundings and injured the health of workers and residents of the area.这种气体污染环境,损害工人和该地区居民的健康。
spoil: 有强烈的“毁坏,毁灭”之意。指不仅造成价值,精力,兴致的“损伤”,还意味着可能造成某种毁灭或
彻底破坏,也有“宠坏”的意思。John joined the party and spoiled the pleasure of everyone by his impolite behavior.约翰参加了这个晚会,他的不礼貌行为破坏了大家的兴致。Quarreling completely spoiled the dinner, which broke up in discord.争吵完全破坏了了宴会的气氛,结果宴会不欢而散。I do hate to spoil your fun, but I've got something urgent to tell you.我真不愿扫了你的兴,但我有紧急的事必须告诉你。dangerous与in danger
dangerous是形容词,意为“危险的”,指一切能或者可能引起危险的人或事物等,有对某人或某事物构成
威胁的意味。例如:He is a dangerous person.他是一个危险的人物。It is dangerous to smoke.吸烟是危险的。
in danger是一个介词短语,意为“处于危险中”,在句中作表语,其后还可以跟of短语。在使用中,danger 可由形容词great, real等修饰。其反义语是out of danger。如:The sick man's life had been in danger, but now he was out of danger.病人的生命曾处于危险之中,现在已脱离危险。He is in g家务劳动心得体会
reat danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy uless objects.如果他继续买这些无用的东西,他就有失去所有钱财的危险。
dare not与don't dare
dare是“敢”的意思,它既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。dare not中的dare是情态动词,后接动词原形。dare作为情态动词,其过去式为dared。如:I dare not think of it.我不敢想这事。He dared not go near the woods in the daytime.白天,他不敢到灌木丛附近去。作为情态动词的dare除用于否定句外,还可用于疑问
句和条件句,但不能用于肯定句。如可以说Dare you say so before your parents?和Jump now if you dare,但不可以说I dare touch it.
don't dare中的dare是实义动词,后面要接动词不定式。如:I did not dare to move.我不敢动。He had never dared to ask her to go anywhere with him.他从来不敢要求她跟他去任何地方。作为实义动词的dare与其它实义动词一样,可以用于肯定句,疑问句和条件句等。如:She dared to go there alone.她敢一个人去那里。Do you dare to come here?你敢一个人来这儿吗?
dare与普通实义动词的不同之处在于:在否定句和疑问句中,dare后的不定式往往可以省去to。如:He didn't dare (to) say that to my face. 他不敢当面对我说这些。Do you dare (to) climb that high mountain? 你敢爬那座高山吗?
date与day
这两个词都表示“日,天”的意思,但它们之间是有区别的。date通常指具体的日期,一般以单数形式出现。
它包括某年、某月、某日。因此,在回答What's the date? 或What's the date today?的问句时,应该把年、月、日全部说出。What's the date today? 今天几号?It's June 4,1992. 今天是1992年6月4日。
day主要用来泛指日子, a day是“一天”的意思。days是“一些日子”的意思。在问“星期几”时,应该用它。如:What day is today? 今天星期几?It's Friday. 今天星期五。
deadly与deathly
deadly和deathly都可作形容词,表示“死一般地”,指死的表象。如:The deadly/deathly silence filled the meeting-room.会议室里一片沉默,没有一点声音。两者都可以充当形容词及副词,表示“非常,极度”,强调极端性。如:I have deadly/deathly fear of snakes.我非常害怕蛇。The man is deadly/deathly ill. 这人病得很重。
deadly另可表示:“致命的,势不两立的”,指导致死亡与毁灭的事物,表示死亡的可能性。如deadly poison (致命的毒药),deadly illness(致命的疾病),deadly weapon(致命的武器)。又如:Fog is one of the sailor's deadliest enemies.雾是海员一个最大的敌人。The sad news was a deadly blow to the poor眼部卸妆
old lady.这条消息对这个可怜的老太太是致命一
deal in与deal with
deal in主要“做……买卖,经营(to buy and ll, trade in)"的意思,后接事物名词,表示经营,买卖的内容。
如:This shop deals in textile good.这家商店经营纺织品。This import and export corporation deals in general merchandi, paper, building material, electrical appliances, li乌灵胶囊的功效和作用及副作用
ght, etc.这家进出口公司经营日用百货,纸张,建筑材料,电器用品和灯具等。
deal with的主要意思有:1)“与……做生意(do business, esp. ), 后接集体名词或人物名词,表
示做生意的对方;2)“对付,处理”;3)关于,论及(be about, be concerned with)"等。如:I've dealt with this store for 20 years.我与这家商店做了20年的生意。手机网页版
Children are tiring to deal with.带小孩最令人讨厌。Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道还治其人之身。This article deals with an important subject.这篇文章谈论到一个重要的问题。
decea与dia
这两个词的读音和拼法相似,故易混淆。
Decea/di'si: s/是“死亡”、“去世”;dia /di'zi:z/是“患病”、“疾病”。这两个字都可用作名词和动词,
初学英语的人容易将两字误用或把两字的拼写混作一起。
与death相比,decea是正式用语,常见于法律条文中。下面请看例句:
Upon the decea of so-and-so,the sum of money will pass to his wife and children
某某死后,整笔钱归他妻子及儿女所有。
The decea rate in that country is very high.
那个国家的死亡率很高。
The general's decea left the army without a leader.
将军死亡使这支军队群龙无首。
decead是形容词,意思是“死亡的”、“已故的”,因此,decead father是“先父”,decead wife是“亡妻”。如在decead之前加个定冠词,其意为“死者”、“亡人”。例如:
The decead was killed in a road accident.
死者是在一次公路事故中身亡的。
The decead left a large sum of money to his children.
死者给儿女们留下了一大笔钱。
下面是dia 的例句:
The task of a doctor is to prevent or cure dias.
医生的职责是预防或治疗疾病。
Nowadays more and more people treat dias by acupuncture.
如今愈来愈多人用针灸治疗疾病。
Your right lung is diad.
你的右肺有病。
在上面第一和第二个例句中,dia用作名词;在第三句中用作形容词。acute dia是“急性病”;chronic dia是“慢性病”;family dia是“遗传病”。
decided与decisive
乍然看来,这两个词都是表示“决定的”意思,似乎无甚区别可言,其实不然。
Decided是个被动(passive)意义的词,它可用于人,也可用于事物;decisive是个主动(active)意味的词,不能用于人,只能用于事物。
在词义上,这两个词也有多肉盆景
差异。decided表示“决定了的”、“坚定不渝”之意;decisive则表示“有决定性的”、“坚决果断的”涵义。例:
He was quite decided in the matter and no one could stop him.
在这件事上,他异常坚决,谁也拦不住他。
They are quite decided about it.
他们对此事的态度十分坚决。
Plea give us a decided answer.
请给我们一个确实的答复。
在上面第一和第二个例句中,decided用于人;在第三个例句中,decided用于事物。
下面是decisive的例句:
The battle of Stalin grad is a decisive one in the Second World War.
斯大林格勒战役是第二次世界大战中富有决定性的战役。
General Patton was known for his decisive manner.
巴顿将军以果敢著称。
He has a decisive character.
他具有果断的性格。
Public opinion is decisive on this question.
公众的意见对这个问题起了决定性的作用。
Decided的名词是decidedness;decisive的名词是decisiveness;它们的副词都是在词尾加-ly。
Decided在某些场合下还可以表示“明确的”、“显著的”涵义。例如:
There is a decided difference between them.(它们之间有着明显的差别)。
deep与deeply
deep用作副词时,易和deeply混淆。这两个副词在修饰具体动作时,一般可以换用。如:We shall pr
obe deep (or: deeply) into the matter.我们要深入地探索这件事。deep通常用来形容静止状态,多用来修饰作状语的
介词短语,带有far into之意。如:They danced deep into the night.他们跳舞跳到深夜。He stood there thinking, his hands deep in his pockets.他站在那儿思索,两手深深地插在口袋里。
deeply常常用来修饰形容词或过去分词,作程度状语。如:We were all deeply disturbed when we heard the news.我们听到那消息都感到极为不安。I'm deeply grateful for the advice you gave me.我非常感激你给我的劝告。
demand,request,require
demand为“要求,查问”,语气较重,是强硬、断然的口气。它可接名词,不定式及用虚拟语气表示的宾语
从句,当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:She demanded that we give him an immediate answer.
她要求我立即给他回复。All of us demand of him whether he had heard from her recently.我们大家都问他最近是否收到她的来信。
require为“请求,恳求”,语气较和缓,指非常礼貌地正式请求。它可接名词及不定式的复合结构,也可以
后接用宾语从句,但宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:We'll do all that is required of us.我们会把要求做的全部都做完。
与demand和request的用法不同,require另可接动名词作宾语,其主动形式表示被动意义。它也可接不
定式作宾语,但仍要用被动形式来表示被动意义。如:The car requires repairing/to be repaired.这辆车需要修理。
despite与in spite of
Despite用作介词时,与in spite of同义,都表示“尽管”、“虽然”、“不顾”之意,但程度有所不同。
一般说来,in spite of的语气较强,使用范围也较广;despite的语气较弱,多用于诗歌或正式的文体中。Despite可以写作despite of,也可以写作in despite of;in spite of则可以写作spite of,但这些写法已少用了。例:
Despite his advanced years,he is learning to drive.
虽然年事已高,他现在在学驾驶汽车。
Despite the drought,we expect a good crop.
尽管天旱,丰收依然在望。
In spite of the police brandishing their clubs and pistols,people showed not the slightest fear.
尽管警方挥动着短棍及手枪,但人们毫不畏惧。
We arrived at the station in spite of the storm.
虽然有暴风雨,我们依旧准点到达火车站。
应当在此指出的是,在现代英语里,despite和in spite of的差距已日渐缩小,很多人已将它们互换使用。Despite除作介词外,尚可用作名词,表示“蔑视”、“憎恨”、“无意对待”之意。例:
The old woman died of despite.
那位老大娘饮恨而死。
He tripped me out of despite,not by accident.
他绊倒我是出于恶意,不是出于意外。
在上列两句中,despite用作名词,它亦可改写为spite。
diary,dairy,daily
这三个词的外貌颇相像,但读音和词义各不相同。
Diary/'dairi/是“日记”(a daily record of events in one's life)或“日记本”。例:
Keeping a diary will do us a lot of good.
记日记对我们大有裨益。
I got out my diary and made a note in it尖椒肉丝
.
我掏出日记本,在上面作了摘录。
Dairy/'de+ri/是“牛奶店”或“乳品场”( a place where milk,butter or chee is produced or sold)。例:The dairy farm keeps many dairy cows.
乳牛场饲养了很多乳牛。
Dairy products are among the chief exports of Australia.
乳制品是澳洲主要出口之一鸡汤怎么煲
。
Daily/'deili/是“日报”(newspaper sold every day);它亦可用作形容词和副词,表示“每日”(every day)之意。如:
We have subscribed to the China Dail萝卜包子馅怎么做好吃
y.(n.)
我们已订阅《中国日报》。
We made daily visits to him when he was hospitalized.(adj.)
他在住院期间,我们每天都去探望他。
They phoned the hospital daily to find how he was.(adv.)
他们每天打电话给医院询问他的病况。
在英语里,与之类似的词语不少,现举两例,以见一斑:
calendar 日历;一览表
calender 轧光机;轧纸或轧布的液压机
colander 滤具(底上有许多孔,用以滤清液体)
canon 法典;圣经;准则
cannnon 大炮
canyon 峡谷
salon 沙龙;名流领会的场所
saloon 大厅;(船上的)客舱
sarong (马来群岛妇女或男子穿的)莎笼围裙
die from与die of
这两个动词词组都表示“因……而死”。die from和die of都可表示因疾病,饥饿,寒冷,年迈,疲劳过度等
造成的死亡。如:die from/of illness/hunger/cold/old age/overwork/poison。再如:It is reported that as many as 1 out of 10 heavy cigarette smokers will eventually die from/of lung cancer.据报道,有十分之一烟瘾很重的
人会死于肺癌。In a vere winter, wild animals can die from/of lack of food.在严冬,野生动物可能会因食物不足而死。
die from另可表示由外因而造成的死亡,象事故,损伤,环境条件,自然灾害等。如:die from a traffic accident/a wound/carelessness/an electric shock/an earthquake。再如:The young driver died from the wounds he received in the road accident.这个年轻的司机因交通事故致伤而死。The 3-year-old child died from her fall out of the