How to Develop listening skill
内容提要
ⅠThe necessity of development in listening skill
ⅡThe Concept of listening: Stages of Development in listening Comprehension
ⅢThe details about training English listening comprehension
1.Some Main problems in listening comprehension
2.The Major factors affecting listening
(1)The emotional factor
(2)The recognition skill
(3)The prediction ability
(4)The memory ability
3.The Necessity of Importance of Teaching of English listening in Middle Schools
4.The esntials in listening training
(1)To choo the listening materials reasonably
(2)Provide the scenes and combine the listening with visual aids
(3)English the listening charnels and increa the listening input
(4)Lower the anxiousness and reduce the emotional obstacle
ⅣSomething about teaching listening
1.Some detailed steps to teach listening
2.Practical listening Activities
(1)English oral report
(2)More English in preceding teaching
(3)Develop listening Daring the Games
(4)Various listening Materials, More Practice
(5)More Relevant Information to the students
(6)Immediate feedback
(7)The Quality of the Teacher in Listening Teaching
3.Certain Frequently ud Listening skills
(1)Learn to make predictions
(2)Learn to ignore some unnecessary information
(3)Take notes while listening
(4)Get general picture
ⅤConclusion
How to Develop listening skill
ⅠIntroduction
English plays an important part in the modern society. It is widely ud in the world. In China, English is learned as a foreign language and opportunities for speaking and listening are few. The emphasis of learning is put on the development of reading. There fore, the students are good at grammar, while they are poor in listening. The students have studied English for a few years, but many of them still found themlves unable to understand English and speak English at natural, frequent speed. And according to the statistics of 案例分析题
Wilga .M.Rivers, and M.S. Temperly a famous American foreign language teaching methodologist with his book “Principles of Second Language Learning and Teaching”, listen ing speaking, reading and writing have different percentage in the communicational activities: listering-45%,
speaking-30%, reading-16%, writing-9%. It is thus clear that listening plays a great important role in human communicational activity. And it is necessary and important to develop English listening at the beginning of learning English. With the development of science and technology, the social demands one getting higher and higher for foreign languages. The development of listening skill in E
nglish has recently received growing attention in Chine school. Now many teachers have realized the importance of listening ability. They pay more attention to develop the student’s listening skill in their teaching, but also meet with some difficulties in
impr oving the students’ listening skill.
Ⅱ The Concept of Listening
Listening is the fundamental form of cognitive and communicational activity. Listening is the acceptance and understanding of oral messages; a kind of communicative behavior with purpos; a kind of active psychological language activity; a kind of intellect cognitive active of highly nervous system. In the cour of listening the hearer first perceives the words, ntences and fragment of utterances and form the sound image. Then according to the former language study experience the hearer decodes the perceptible words, ntences and the fragment of utterances, forms the transient memory. This complex cour finishes in the twinkling of an eye and continues to carry on. The hearer accepts such cognitive tactics as forecast, lection, examination and amendment to comprehend the on-going cognitive language materials by means of the linguistic knowledge and background experience. In the cour of explanation, the learner usually follows native language at the beginning. But with the formulation of English study experience, the learner will
break away from the mother tongue and reach the stage of decoding in English gradually.
Listening is a kind of active underlying skills. Through the listening training the middle school students can absorb the new language materials in abundance, get a deeper recognition to the language they are studying. The competence development of speaking, reading and writing will be promoted.
Wilga. M. Rivers divides the cour of learners’ listening develop ment into the following stages:
1.Recognition: Let the leaner distinguish between the phone and meaning stress, tone and intonation.
2.Recognition and lection: Understand the consistent and meaningful ntence combination. There is no need to retell and discuss the contents what you hear.
3.Recognition, controllable lection and the transient memory: Answer some questions that prepared after listening to the give language materials many times.
4.Recognition, lection and long-term memory: Encourage the students to listen to all kinds of speech materials as they like, listen to the sounds from different people, then discuss and write dow
n the materials which are heard.
ⅢThe details about training English listening comprehension
1.Some Main Problems in listening comprehension
When we do some listening, at first we should make clear the form of listening materials. Is it a dialogue or article? While listening, we should receive some information about the listening materials. After that, we must analyze and judge the information we have received. The information not only includes words, phras and ntences but also includes sounds, intonation, stress, and even some noi. Some of the information is uful for us to understand listening materials and work ort the problems, but some el is not uful. The following are about some main problems in listening comprehension.
(1) Hearing the sounds
When we listen to a dialogue or an article, we pay more attention to some easily confud sounds. We must learn English sounds well and discriminate each of them, especially, the similar sounds such as “eighteen”财务部门
and “eighty”, “ship” and “sheep”, “dawn” and “down”. If students cannot tell what they hear is “It is a ship” or “It is a sheep”; their ear can hardly be developed.
We should also pay attention to some homophones and homonyms. Homophones are some words with different meanings, which one pronounced in the some way but are spe lt differently. Example: “write” and “right” are homophones. Homonyms are some words, which have the some soun赵丽颖壁纸
d and usually the some spelling as another, though different in meaning or origin. Example: The noun “bear” and the verb “bear” are homonyms.
(2) Understanding intonation and stress
Intonation means the ri and fall of the pitch-change of the voice. Intonation is an important element of speech. An analysis of English intonation may help us to know fairly the ntence structure and the attitude of a speaker.
We have also en that every word of two or more syllables, when said alone, has a stress on one of its syllables. However, in connected speech we do not hear a stress on every word. Some words lo their stress. According to ntence stress, we can know the important word in the ntence. In addition, we should notice that any words in a ntence might be logically stress if it implies sp北斗七星的寓意
ecial emphasis or contrast.
(3) Telling redundancy from noi
Redundant utterances are not unnecessary, as they would em. They may take the form of repetitions, fal starts, rephrasing, lf-corrections, and so on.
Noi is opposite of redundancy. The purpo is to disturb the listener's attention and increa the difficulty 画鸡图片
to listening. We should tell redundancy from noi. We should deal with the differences between redundant utterances and noi correctly.
(4) Understanding colloquial vocabulary.
There are marked differences between the formal and colloquial varieties. In colloquial language, some sounds are always joined together to form words and groups of words. In connected speech, some sounds, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound that is different form both the original sounds.
In colloquial language, many common English words have two or more pronunciations in speech, depending on not only their positions in a ntence-a strong form and one or more weak forms, but also functions and features that help to determine a part of speech.
(5) Understanding different accents
As we know, sometimes people cannot understand each other well becau they speak in different accents. Accent means a special way of speaking. For example, in our country, persons form Shandong Province and Guangdong Province speak Chine with different accents. So does English. There are main two important kinds of English in the world. American English and British English. So, students must know about the different between British English and American E茶叶素材
nglish.
2. The major factors affecting listening
(1) The emotional factor—If the student listens with nervous, anxious and depresd mentality, the process of his mental speech activity will be in a restrictive condition, so slow in thought. It’s difficult for him to develop the normal hastening level. The material which was familiar to him formerly will get strange. Then the more he listens, the less interested in he is; The more he won’t listen. So the less will enter the brain. On the contrary, if the student listens in a good environment, full of
confidence and happiness, not having mental pressure, he will develop his listening level as much as possible. Then it will heighten his confidence and form a virtuous circle. In the cour of listening, students probably have many different errors, the teacher should give them with obver motional feedback and right recognizable feedback. The speech materials which we choo should be suitabl
e. The degree of difficulty, speed, the style of theme etc. should chime in with the students’ level of understanding. The teaching method should be proper, with more encouragement, guide and arousal, less critique, to reduce the students’ a anxious level.
(2) The recognition skill, i.e. the skill which students discern speech sounds, lexicon, grammar, mantics, context and cultural background. Before the training listening, the listeners must enlarge their knowledge about English in all kinds of fields, politics, economy, science, technology, customs, everyday life, culture education and so on, which are different from Chine. So students must widen their ken to improve their culture attainment.
(3) The prediction ability. According to the listening materials, the ability of reasoning, judging and coming to conclusion after the students come to realize the materials.
(4) The memory ability: the ability which the students have short and long term memory to the listening materials. It is very important in listening. Which can help the listener to draw a better and correcter decision while listening.
3. The Necessity and Importance of Teaching of English Listening
It is stipulated in English syllabus for middle school that “The arm of English teaching in a middle school is to make the students accept complete training including listening, speaking, reading and writing, gain the basic knowledge of English and the capability of using English for the purpo of communication ……” The right training order of the four skills should be that listening is ahead of speaking, speaking ahead of reading, reading ahead of writing.
The students of middle schools are lively and sanguine, like to speak and out, eager to receive knowledge and imitative, and are not afraid of speaking wrongly and they can distinguish the sound quite correctly. Their nsitivity is even beyond the adult’s. Most of them can take part in the training actively, especially in the training of listening and speaking. They like to listen and speak. The teachers should insist on training t he students’ listening and speaking according to the characteristics, pay attention to their pronunciation, intonation, guide them to practice listening all the time, to master and u English proficiently and correctly. To do so, it not only develops th e students’ learning interest but also heighten their confidence. It will surely be a good start in their later study. Listening to authentic English can also help with our pronunciation and develop within as a feel for the language so that we come to know when a ntence sounds right without having to subject it to a rigorous grammatical analysis. It is also a precondition for developing good speaking skills.
Form the points of the above, listening precedes speaking and it provides a basis for language learning. It is suggested that listening and reading provide the means for
