isotonic dehydration
occurs when the fluid lost is isotonic with rum, as in sweating, simple enteritis肠炎, nephrosis肾病. There are therefore no errors of electrolyte电解液 balance likely to result.
The concentration of sodium is in the normal range.
hypotonic dehydration
occurs when there is loss of both sodium and fluid .The rum sodium level falls below 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal.
hypertonic dehydration
A condition caud by the excessive loss of water from the body，which there is less electrolyte loss than water.The rum sodium level is over 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal.
water into出发
xication/dilutional hyponatremia
an increa in the volume of free water in the body. Common caus are excessive ingestion of water, incread infusions of hypotonic IV solutions, or excess cretions of antidiuretic hormone(ADH). Clinical manif辣椒炒猪心
estations are abdominal cramps, naua, vomiting, lethargy, and dizziness. It can potentially lead to convulsions抽搐 and coma.
hypokalemia
an abnormally low rum potassium level(<3.5mmol/L). Hypokalemia may occur in metabolic alkalosis, chronic diarrhea, Cushing syndrome, primary aldosteronism, and excessive u of cortisone, or ACTH.
hyperkalemia
abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood(above 5.5mmol/L), most often due to defective renal excretion, as in kidney dia, vere and extensive burns, intestinal obstruction, diabetes mellitus, acute renal failure and hypoadrenocorticism.
metabolic acidosis
Decread pH(below 7.35) and bicarbonate concentration of the body fluids caud 不安抗辩权
either by the accumulation of excess acids stronger than carbonic acid or by abnormal loss of bicarbonate from the body.
metabolic alkalosis
An increa in the alkalinity of body fluids due to an increa in alkali intake or a decrea in acid concentration, as from vomiting. pH is over 7.45.
respiratory acidosis
Acidosis that is caud by retention of carbon dioxide, due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, and that results in a decrea in blood pH unless compensated for by renal retention of bicarbonate.
respiratory alkalosis
an abnormal condition characterized by a high plasma pH(over 7.45) resulting from incre
ad alveolar ventilation. The conquent acceleration of carbon dioxide excretion lowers the plasma level of carbonic acid, thus raising plasma pH. The hyperventilation may be caud by pulmonary and nonpulmonary problems. Some pulmonary caus are acute asthma, pulmonary vascular dia, and pneumonia. Some nonpulmonary caus are aspirin toxicity, anxiety, fever etc.
acepsis
the exclusion of all microorganisms before they can enter an open surgical wound or contaminate a sterile field during surgery
sterilization
the process of destroying all microorganisms and their pathogenic products. It is accomplished by heat (wet steam or dry heat ) or by bactericidal chemical compounds.
disinfection
The process or act of destroying pathogenic microorganisms. However, certain bacterial spores may survive and germina头发稀疏怎么办
te which could lead to contamination.
blood transfusion
the administration of whole blood or a component, such as packed red cells, to replace blood lost through trauma, surgery, or dia,in order to supplement blood volume, improve circulatory function and oxygen-carrying ability, increa the plasma protein and enhance immunity and coagulation function.
hematocrit HCT
a measure of the packed cell volume of red cells, expresd as a percentage of the total blood volume. The normal range is between 43% and 49% in men and between 37% and 43% in women.
tansfusion reaction
a group of clinical signs due to antibody in the recipient's blood reacting with the transfud red blood cells when blood for transfusion is incorrectly matched, or when the recipient has an adver reaction to some element of the donor blood.
SIRS
an inflammatory state affecting the whole body, frequently a respon of the immune system to infection, but not necessarily so. It is related to psis, a condition in which individuals both meet criteria for SIRS and have a known or highly suspected infection.
Temperature < 36oC or > 38oC
Heart rate > 90 beats/min
Respiratory rate pCO2 < 32 mm Hg or > 20 breaths/min
WBC count < 4 x 109 or > 12 x 109 or , or the prence of > 0.10 immature neutrophils
transfusion-related acute lung injury TRALI
a syndrome en in persons receiving transfusions, characterized by pulmonary edema, dyspnea, hypoxemia, hypotension, and fever; it is thought to be a reaction to antibodies or other components of the donor blood product. Patients need oxygen support, and in some cas the syndrome can be fatal.
