Chapter增强宗旨意识
1
1.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, iqwq
t is the conventionality of a language that is more worth noticing that its arbitrariness.
2.In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is arbitrary.
3.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.
4.The features that define our human languages can be called design features
5.Human languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not prent (in time and space) at the moment of communication.This quality is labeled as displacement.
6.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the level are compod of elements of the level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.电影杨善洲
7.Halliday propos a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and interpersonal functions.
8. Our language can be ud to talk about itlf. This is the metalingual function of language.
9.Interpersonal function is realized by mood and modality.
10.When language is ud for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is phatic function.比肩接踵
11.Some ntences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or fal. The utterance of the ntences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called performatives
12.Linguistics is usually defined as the scientific study of language.
13.The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called phonetics.
14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structures of words is called morphology.
15.Phonetics mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
16.Semantics and pragmatics investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.
17.In linguistics, syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form ntences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of ntence.
18.Pragmatics can be defines as the study of language in u.
19.If a linguistics, synchronic study describes and analyzes the language people actually u, it is said to be descriptive; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be prescriptive
20.In modern linguistics, synchronic study ems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundation of a historical study.
21.Langue refers to the abstract linguistics system shared be all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the realization of language in actual u.
22.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance, tPHP工程师
he actual u of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
23.”A ro by any other name would smell as sweet”.This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature of arbitrariness.
24.An English speaker and a Chine speaker are both able to u language, but they ar
e not mutually intelligible, which shows that language is culturally transmitted
25.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
Chapter 2
1.吃包子
The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are allophones.
2. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are the pharynx, mouth, and no.
3.Name six places of articulation according to Fromkin and Rodman throat,palate,palate top,teeth,lips,no,
4. Name five of English front vowels: i:, i, e, , a.
5.The sound [p] can be described with “ voiceless, bilabial, stop”
6.In the production of a velar sound, the back of the tongue is raid so that it touches the soft palate to form a kind of obstruction.
7. By the position of the highest part of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.
