Unit 2 Cloning
1．differ vi.不同；相异
Think about how they differ. (教材P10)想一想他们如何不同。
①differ from sb./sth.与某人/某物不同 differ from /with sb. about/on sth.关于某事与某人有异议
在……方面不同
②make a difference有影响，很重要 the difference between A and B A与B之间的不同
③be different from 在……方面不同于某人
differ from | 表示相互有别，不同于……。 |
differ with | 指不同意某人的意见或与某人意见不同。 |
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2．exact adj.准确的；精确的；严谨的；一丝不苟的
It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.(教材P11)这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。
exactly adv.确切地；究竟；到底 to be exact确切地说(＝exactly speaking)
not exactly不完全；一点也不；根本不
Exactly speaking，the result is wrong. 确切地说，这个结果不正确。
3．The fact that she emed to develop normally was very encouraging. (教材P11)
看来多莉是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。
句中that引导同位语从句来说明fact的具体内容。
同位语从句可由when，where，how，why，that，whether等词引导。同位语从句一般放在idea，fact，news，hope，belief，thought，doubt，question等抽象名词之后，用以说明抽象名词的具体内容。有时为了保持句子的平衡，同位语从句还可以放在动词的后面。
(2013浙江高考)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone el on the sports field.
A．how B．that C．which D．whether
4．Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.(教材P11)
克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就很复杂了。
while在本句中表示“对比”关系。表示同类事物之间的对比，常译作“然而，可是”。
while的另外两个重要的含义：
①while作从属连词，意为“当……的时候”。
②while作从属连词，意为“虽然，尽管”，表示让步关系。
(2012四川高考)At school，some students are active________some are shy，yet they can be good friends with one another.
A．while B．although C．so D．as
5．undertake vt.(undertook，undertaken)着手；从事；承担；承诺；答应
It is a difficult task to undertake.(教材P11) 这是一项很难完成的任务。
The United Nations was suppod to undertake the responsibility for global peace keeping.
联合国应承担维护世界和平的责任。
①undertake a task/responsibility承担任务/责任 undertake to do sth.同意、答应或着手做某事
为……负责 undertake that clau 保证……
②undertaking n．任务；事业；企业
He undertook to pay the money back in one month. 他答应在一个月之内还钱。
6．pay off得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a brea
pay sth.off全部偿还；偿清 pay sb.off付清某人工资并解雇
pay for买……；为……付款；为……付出代价 pay back还钱；偿还；报复
pay money for sth.付钱买…… pay up付清欠款
(2012安徽高考)The athlete's years of hard training________when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
A．went on B．got through C．paid off D．ended up
7．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become riously ill.(教材P11)
接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。
本句是一个完全倒装句。完全倒装是把谓语动词完全置于主语前，其中主语必须是名词，
若为代词则不倒装，这种结构中谓语部分无助动词(be，do，have)和情态动词，但可以有连系动词be。
须用完全倒装的情况有：
①当句首为副词out，in，up，down，off，here，there，now，then等，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。
②当表示地点的介词短语位于句首，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。
③在there be结构中，there为引导词，be动词之后为句子的主语，属完全倒装，be应与主语保持一致。除be以外，能与there连用的动词还有em，exist，happen，appear，live，stand等。
④作表语的形容词、过去分词等较短，而主语相对比较长，为了保持句子平衡而将表语前置时，句子的主谓也应完全倒装。
⑤某些表示祝愿的句子也可用完全倒装(或部分倒装)。
8．cast down沮丧；不愉快(多用于被动语态)
Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illness were more appropriate to a much older animal.(教材P12)研究克隆的科学家们发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的动物身上，这让他们很沮丧。
He was cast down by what his manager said. 经理说的话使他沮丧。
cast out 驱逐出去；赶走 cast a shadow (在心理上)留下阴影 cast off 摆脱掉；抛弃
You really must cast off all the bad habits.
9．altogether adv.全部；总共；总而言之；完全地
Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years，half the length of the life of the original sheep.(教材P12)多莉总共只存活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。
The weather was bad and the food was dreadful.Altogether the holiday was very disappointing.
天气又坏，吃的又糟。总而言之，这次假期很让人扫兴。
all together/altogether
作“总共”讲时，它们可以互换使用。 |
all together | 作“一道，一起”讲时，不能用altogether替换。 |
altogether | 意为“完全地，总而言之”时，不可与all together互换。 |
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10．objection n．不赞成；反对；异议
On the other hand，Dolly's appearance raid a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.(教材P12)
另一方面，多莉的出现引起了强烈反对，激起了媒体的热炒和公众的想象。
Do you have any objections？你有任何异议吗？
①rai an objection to sth.对……提出异议 have/make/take an objection to (doing) sth. 反对某事
②object to sth./sb.反对某事/某人 object to doing sth.反对干某事
object to sb.doing sth.反对某人干某事 提出……作为反对的理由
③object n．物，物体；目的，目标(＝purpo，objective)
They object to this new law for religious reasons. 出于宗教原因他们反对这一新法律。
He strongly objects to being treated like a child. 他强烈反对被人当孩子一样对待。
【提示】 object to中的to 为介词。
11．obtain v．得到；获得(较正式用语)
Although at prent human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning rearch are difficult to obtain，newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themlves to attain their ambitions.(教材P12)尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸报道说， 有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。
