What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds ud in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they posss, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
What are the main features of the English compounds?
Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two parate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.
Discuss the types of morphemes 怎么练腰
with examples.
Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be ud freely all by th秋季育儿知识
emlves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.
Bound morphemes: They are tho that cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is en as part of a word; it can never stand by itlf although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, 出塞其一和其二
while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.
What are the major types of ntences? Illustrate them with examples.
Traditionally, there are three major types of ntences. They are simple ntence, coordinate( compound) ntence, and complex ntence. A simple ntence consists of a single clau which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own ntence, for example: John reads extensively.
A coordinate ntence contains two claus joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example:
John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam.
A complex ntence contains two, or more, claus, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two claus in a complex ntence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.
Are the elements in a ntence linearly structured? Why?
No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a ntence is uttered
or written down, the words of the ntence are produced one after another in a quence. A clor examination of a ntence shows that a ntence is not compod of quence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, ntences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phra (NP) or verb phra (VP).
How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values?
Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppo there are two ntences X and Y:
X: He has been to France.
Y: He has been to Europe.
In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. If he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.
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f X is fal, Y may be true or fal, e. g. If he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or fal, e.g. If he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France.
If Y is fal, X is fal, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France.
Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.
The truth conditions that we u to judge presupposition is as follows:
Suppo there are two ntences X金牛女和白羊男
and Y
X: John' s bike needs repairing.
Y: John has a bike.
If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. If John' s bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.
