跨文化交际考试资料
1.W h e n c u l t u r e s d i f f e r,c o m m u n i c a t i o n p r a c t i c e s m a y a l s o d i f f e r.(T)
2.C o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d c u l t u r e a r e i n s e p a r a b l e.A C h i n e s e b o y w h o i s
a s k e d t o s a y g o o d
b y e w h e n h e t a k e s h i s l e a v e i s l e a r n i n g
c u l t u r e.(T)
3.F r o m t h e i n s t a n t a c h i l d i s b o r n,c u l t u r e t e a c h e s i t h o w t o b e h a v e i n a m a n n e r t h a t i s a c c e p t a b l e t o a d u l t s a n d t h a t g a r n e r s t h e m r e w a r d s.(T)
4.W h e n w e r e f e r t o c u l t u r e,w e a r e a p p l y i n g t h e t e r m t o t h e d o m i n a n t
c u l t u r e a n
d s u b c u l t u r
e s a s w e l l.(F)
5.W h a t a r e t出生公证所需材料
h e t h r e e w a y s o f e n c u l t u r a t i o n?(I n t e r a c t i o n,i m i t a t i o n,
o b s e r v a t i o n)
6.H u m a n b e i n g s a r e b o r n w i t h c u好家风作文
l t u r e l i k e o t h e r b a s i c n e e d s,s u c h a s
e a t i n g,d r i n k i n g,u r i n a t i n g,a n d s o o n.(F)
7.G i v e a n e x a m p l e a b o u t h o w p e o p l e l e a r n t h e i r o w n c u l t u r e.(o p e n)
8.T h e f a m o u s s t o r y C i n d e r e l l a e m p h a s i z e s t h e s a m e v a l u e i n d i f f e r e n t
c u l t u r e s.(F)
9.A m e r i c a n s t e l l e a c h g e n e r a t i o n a l w a y s t o l o o k f o r w a r d,w h i l e w e
C h i n e s e h a v e t h e s a y i n g“F o r g e t t i n g t h e p a s t m e a n s b e t r a y a l”.(T)
10.W e l e a r n f r o m c u m u l a t i v e s h a r e d e x p e r i e n c e t h r o u g h l a n g u a g e---b e i t v e优秀教师事迹材料
r b a l,n o n v e r b a l,o r i c o n i c.(T)
11.C u l t u r e i s s t a t i c,c o n s t a n t a n d n e v e r c h a n g i n g.(F)
12.C u l t u r e i s b a s e d o n s y m b o l s w h i c h a r e l e a r n e d a n d p a s s e d o n t h r o u g h
g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n.(T)
13.W e f i n d w h i t e-c o l l a r w o r k e r s i s o l a t e d f r o m b l u e-c o l l a r o n e s,A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n s l i v i n g a p a r t f r o m w h i t e s,w h i c h s h o w s
a)C u l t u r e i s c h a n g i n g.b)C u l t u r e i s l e a r n e d.c).c u l t u r e i s
e t h n o c e n t r i c.d)C u l t u r e i s i n t e g r a t e d.
14.W h a t i s a c c u l t u r a t i o n?(O p e n)
15.E x p l a i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t r a d i t i o n a n d i n n o v a t i o n.(o p e n)
16.M o r e a n d m o r e C h i n e s e,e s p e c i a l l y t h e y o u n g,r e s p o n d t o a
c o mp l i m e n t b y s a y i n g“T h a n k y o u”, a n
d g r
e e t p e o p l e w i t h j u s t“H e l l o”
i n s t e a d o f“H a v e y o u h a d y o u r m e a l?”.T h i s i s d i f f u s i o n.(T)
17.G i v e a n e x a mp l e t o s h o w c u l t u r e i s b a s e d o n s y m b o l s.
重点Difficult point: Process o f c o mmu n i c a ti on; S te re o ty pe; C u l tu re
s h o ck;A me r ic a n s’i n d iv i消防安全教育主题班会教案
du a lis m;Ch i n e s e f a ce c on
Basics of Communication
Communication occurs if:
1. There are at least two or more people;
a. human communication
b. animal communication
c. human-animal communication
d. human-machine communication
e. machine-to-machine communication
2. There must be some contact between communicators;
two-way contact---direct communication
one-way contact---indirect communication
3. There must be a language shared by communicators;
a. human language verbal nonverbal non-word sound body language
b. artificial language special purpo machine---computer
4. An exchange of information has taken place.
Components of Communication
Source
The source is a person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding
Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. (Our communication is in the form of a symbol reprenting the idea we desire to communicate. )
Message
Message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
Channel
The term channel refers to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. We also u the word “media”. The channel or medium may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of face-to-face communication.
Receiver
The receiver is a person who attends to the message. Receivers may be intentional; that is, they may be the people the source desired to communicate with, or they may be any person who comes upon and attends to the message.
Decoding
Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
Respon
Receiver respon refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. That respon can range from doing nothing to taking some action or actions that may or not be the action desired by the source.
Feedback
Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver respon of whic讲故事用英语怎么说
h the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
A reader of this text may have many respons, but only when the reader responds to a survey or writes a letter to the author does feedback occurs. When a radio interview show host receives enthusiastic telephone calls and invites a guest back, feedback has occurred.
Noi
Noi refers to anything that distorts the message the source decodes.
External noi can be sights, sounds, and other stimuli that draw our attention away from the message. Having a radio on while reading is external noi.
Internal noi re名歌经典
fers to our thoughts and feelings that can interfere with the message. For example, being tired or being hungry can distract you from paying complete attention to the message.
source →encode →message →channel →receiver →decode →respon →feedback →context
noi
All communication has ven components: a source who, using symbols, encodes an internal state to produce a message that travels by a channel to a receiver who decodes the message into a usable form and gives feedback to the source.
The uniqueness of men--- the superiority of men in the world of animals---lies not in his ability to perceive ideas, but to perceive that he perceives, and to transfer his perceptions to other’s minds through words.
---Albert Einstein
Defining Culture and Characteristics of Culture (I)
Questions (A)
When cultures differ, communication practices may also differ. (T or F) Communication and culture are inparable. A Chine boy who is asked to say goodbye when he takes his leave is learning culture. (T or F)
From the instant a child is born, culture teaches it how to behave in a manner that is acceptable to adults and that garners them rewards. (T or F)
Without having the guidelines of our culture to govern our actions, we would soon feel helpless. (T or F)
When we refer to culture, we are applying the term to the dominant culture and subcultures as well. (T or F)
What is enculturation?
What are the three ways of enculturation?
Human beings are born with culture like other basic needs, such as eating, drinking, urinating, and so on. (T or F)
Give an example about how people learn their own culture.
The famous story Cinderella emphasizes the same value in different cultures. (T or F) Questions (B)
Barriers to Cross-cultural Communication
Stereotypes Prejudice Ethnocentrism
Questions:
1. what is stereotyping?
2. How do we acquire stereotypes?
3. How to reduce or eliminate stereotypes in cross-cultural communication?
4. of stereotyping, prejudice, ethnocentrism, which one can be the most rious cultural bias and the biggest obstacle in cross-cultural communication? Why?
What is stereotyping?
People often u labels or categories to describe others, the labels can be bad on such characteristics as clothing, looks, the way a person talks, or the groups to which he or she belongs. People often make assumptions about groups of people they don't嘲笑是什么意思
even know.
Stereotypes are general ideas of a person, created without taking the whole person into account. When we stereotype a group of people, we depict all of the individuals within that group as having the same characteristics even though they are probably all very different. Stereotyping is assuming that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just becau the person is a member of a specific group (Jandt, 2001). An example of a stereotype is the belief that one group of people is lazy or poor, or that another is smart or romantic. A stereotype is an oversimplified statement bad on a sin
gle characteristic. They are often bad on faulty information, they get in the way of knowing people as individuals, and they can lead to rious misunderstandings.
Stereotyping is gross simplification that prevents a more profound understanding of others as individuals and as members of social安全教育标语
groups, and it prevents our dealing effectively with members of other societies. Stereotypes can have a negative effect when people u them to interpret
behavior. They are probably the most difficult stumbling block to overcome in cross-cultural communication.
Areas of stereotyping
Age: All teenagers love KFC, rock and roll, and have no respect for their elders.
Sex: All good-looking girls are simple-minded.
Sexual preference: Only men can be pilots.
Race: All women in Islamic countries wear clothing that cover up their arms and legs and hide their body shape.
All Indians wear no-rings.
Education level: All tho with little schooling do not know how to u computers.
Places: New York is a hotbed of all crimes.
Things: All luxurious cars are made in Germany. Sichuan food is very spicy.
How and where do we acqui月子早餐吃什么好
re stereotypes?
Young children learn to stereotype others by the comments or behavior of their parents, relatives, teachers or other adults in their lives.
We are acquiring a stereotype from limited data, i.e. stereotypes develop through limited personal contact.
Stereotypes have a strong prence in the media, in movies, TV programs, advertising, newspapers, books and magazines, and even in school textbooks.
People may learn stereotypes by believing someone el’s opinion when they have not had firsthand
experience. Knowing less about people of different cultural backgrounds increas one’s chances of making stereotypes.
The damaging effect of stereotypes in cross-cultural communication: According to Fred, stereotypes are harmful becau they impede communication in at least four ways:
They cau us to assume that a widely held belief is true when it may not be.
Stereotypes also impede communication when they cau us to assume that a widely held belief is true of any one individual.
The stereotype can become a “lf-fulfilling prophecy” for t he person stereotyped.
