高考英语备考：利用语篇模式分析，助力高考阅读理解
语篇类型包括记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文、新闻报道等，把握不同语篇类型的 特定结构、文体特征和表达方式，熟悉不同语篇类型常用的语篇模式，不仅有助于我们加 深对语篇意义的理解，还有助于使用不同类型的语篇进行有效的表达和交流。
下面就以高考常考语篇类型为例，简述分析语篇模式对于阅读理解的解题意义。
一、一般特殊型(General-Particular Pattern)
这种类型又包括两种：
1 概括举例”式(Generalization-example)
这种模式的特点是在整篇文章的首段(有的文章是在末段)含有一个主题句或某一段 的首句往往是一个概括句，可以表达看法、某种观点或结论，下文的例证局部是围绕这个 主题句或概括句的内容进行展开、充实，或是用来强化或论证主题句的。
2.“整体——细节”式(Preview-detail)
这种模式的特点也是在整篇文章的首段含有一个主题句或某一段的首句往往是一个概 括句，然后再引出对主题进行解释说明的具体细节。
这两种类型的语篇模式一般是：
概括陈述(General statement)-＞举例(Examples)/细节(Details)-＞结论(Conclusion)/评价(Evaluation)(选择性的)
这种模式也就是我们通常说的“总一分一总”结构，多见于说明文和议论文。
常用的语篇标志词：
(1)for example, for instance, in particular, such as, that is 等；
(2)firstly, condly, thirdly, moreover, besides, also 等。
[例1] (2020年全国I卷，D篇)
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific rearc
h. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houplants.
重要的作用。在备考中，我们应学会分析不同语篇的结构和功能，以便在高考中以语篇模 式分析为立足点，把不同阅读理解题型各个击破，力争总分值。
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.A new study of different plants.
B.A big fall in crime rates.
C.Employees from various workplaces.
D.Benefits from green plants.
解析：本文语篇类型是说明文。第一句说明，人与植物之间的关系所属的学科范畴： 一直
是科学研究的课题。第二句告诉我们，最近的研究发现了积极的效果。接下来应告诉 我们有哪些具体的积极效果，从下文的“for example ....In another, ...”可知，作者列举了 两个例子来说明其积极效果。本段属于“概括一举例”式：
因此，本段主要讲“绿色植物的好处”，第32题选D项。
[例2] （2019年全国I卷，D篇）
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories： the likable and the status ekers. The likable splays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence： status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33.What is the cond paragraph mainly about?
A.The classification of the popular.
B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills.
D.The caus of dishonorable behavior.
解析：本文语篇类型是说明文。本段第一句说明“受欢迎程度”所属的学科范畴：是社会 心理学深入研究的课题;第二句告诉我们，受欢迎的人分两种类型，根据其后的标点（冒号） 可知，它是主题句，其后分别介绍了这两种类型的人;第三句和第四句承接第二句详细表达 这两类人的特点。本段结构属于“整体一细节”式：
因此，第33题选A项，其中classification与categories为同义词，意为“类型”。
二、问题解决型（Problem - Solution Pattern）
语篇结构：情境（选择性的）（situation）—问题（problem）—反响/解决（respon/ solution）-＞评价/结果（evaluation / result）（选择性的）
这种模式多见于科学论文和实验报告等专业性较强的文章。常用的语篇标志词：
问题：concern, challenge, difficulty, dilemma, problem 等；
反庭 change, come up with, develop, find, measure, respond 等；解决（或结果）:answer, conquence, effect, outcome, result, solution 等； 评价：effective, overcome, succeed, successful, work 等。
[例3] （2019年全国【卷，C篇）
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric （生物测量）technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At prent, the technologies are still expensive, though.
Rearchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device
（装置）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precily measures the cadence （节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of curity by analyzing things like the force of a urs typing and the time between key press. The patterns are unique to e
ach person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody us a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the rearchers had 100 volunteers type the word "touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be ud to recognize different participants bad on how they typed, with very low error rates. The rearchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made 努力奋斗的句子
of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
