语言学作业
CHAPTER 1
Design features refers to the defining properties of human language, including arbitrariness, duality, creativity an脸上痣图解
d displacement.
Function may be practical. For example, we u language to chat, to think, to buy and ll, to read and write, to greet, prai and condemn people, etc. But linguists talk about FUNCTIONS of language in an abstract n and attempt some broad classifications of the basic functions of language like the following: informative, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic function, recreational function, metalingual function.
Synchronic: Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language at one particular point in time
Diachronic: Diachronic linguistics studies how a language changes over a period of time
Descriptive: to describe the fact of linguistic usage as they are, and not how they ought to be, with reference to some real or imagined ideal state.
Prescriptive: a term ud to characterize any approach which attempt to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be ud.
Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we can not explain why a book is called /buk/ and a pen /pen/.
Duality means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are compod of elements of the condary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. It involves system of sounds and system of meaning. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a larger unit of meaning, and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of ntence.
Displacement means human languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent (in time and space) at the moment of communication. That is, our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.
Phatic communion: refers to language ud for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchange information or ideas (e.g. comments on the weather, or enquiries about health).
Metalanguage: is the language that can be ud to talk about itlf.
Macrolinguistics: is linguistics which has interactive links with other sciences such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, the science of law and artifici突然膝盖疼
al intelligence.
Competence: competence is a language ur 's underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
Performance: performance refers to the actual u of language in concrete situations.
Langue---refers to the language system shared by a community of speakers.
Parole---is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker.
Chapter 2
Phonetics---the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially tho sounds ud in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Articulatory phonetics: the study of the way speech sounds are made by the vocal organs
Phonology: studies the sound systems of languages. The aim of phonology is to demonstrate the patterns of distinctive sound found in a language, and to make as general statements as possible about the nature of sound systems in the languages of the world.
Speech organs: are tho part of the human body involved in the production of speech.
Voicing: pronouncing a sound(usu. A vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
International Phonetic Alphabet: A phonetic alphabet and diacritic modifiers sponsored by the International Phonetic Association to provide a uniform and universally understood system for transcribing the speech sounds of all languages.
Consonant: A speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air steam by any various constrictions of the speech organs.
Vowel: A speech sound created by the relat种植方法
ively free passage of breath through the larynx and oral cavity, usually forming the most prominent and central sound of a syllable.
Manner of articulation: refers to the way in which articulation can be accomplished.
Place of articulation: refers to the point where a consonant is made.
Cardinal Vowels: are a t of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, in
tended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
Semi-vowels: are tho gments which are neither vowels nor consonants but midway between the two categories.
Vowel glide: vowels where there is an audible change of quality.
Co-articulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Co-articulation can be further divided into anticipatory co-articulation and prervative co-articulation.
