Define the following terms:
1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
2. function: the u of language tocommunicate,to think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconquential,differentiations,just as was ofter the ca with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic t of speech acts and events must be one
that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members向日葵的画法
of a speech communith rathealthier
her than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the prent),as its point of obrvation.Most grammars are of this kind.
6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the cour of its history.
7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the cour of its history.
8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to laying down rules for language u.
9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having
two levels of are compod of elements of the condary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their urs to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not prent c in time and space,at the moment of communication.
13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.
14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.
15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et
16. competence: language ur’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
17. performance: the actual u of language in concrete situation.
18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.
21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulatio南通大学商学院
n and perverative coarticulation.
22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
23． Broad and narrow transcription: the u of a simple t of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the u of a simple t of symbols in transcriptio
n is called broad transcription;while,the u of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
24． Consonant: are soun会议感想
d gments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
25． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.
26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.
27． Vowl:are sound gments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
28． Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air
pass through certain parts of the vpast造句
ocal tract.
