2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读运动种类
技能指导之(二) 如何猜测词义
有时候，未知的生词对阅读来说存在很大的障碍，对上下文的理解至关重要，我们必须知道这些词的精确含义。那么，如何排除这些障碍呢？此时，了解推理和猜测单词的方法就特别重要，它们大致有以下几种：
1．重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是苹果汁
重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词、同位语引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。
典例 (2015•天津卷阅读C节选) In the library, I found my way into the “Children's Room”. I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It prented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.
分析 由同位语“the first and only animal companion”的解释说明可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。
2．定义
作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其常出现在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等。
典例 (2015•北京卷阅读C节选) Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light pass through a window.
分析 通过本句中的定义“the same way light pass through a window”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。
3．举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助考生理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
典例 (2016•全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选) Readers also tended to share articles that were excit红烧茄子怎么做好吃
ing or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
分析 根据下文的举例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。
4．同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
典例 (2017•全国卷Ⅱ阅读A节选)By translating the rich and humourous text of Lo安全口号八个字
ve's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
分析 根据上文“By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into t
he physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为“翻译”。
5．反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
典例 (2015•福建卷阅读E节选)If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73.The underlined word “upbeat” in the cond paragraph probably means “________”．
A.cheerful B．average
C.rious D．temporary
分析 根据上文语立冬古诗
境，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。
6．构词法
英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
典例 (2016•全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选) A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
分析 根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适的)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
[课下语篇提能练] 40分钟
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2019•广东省百校联盟第其他的英语
二次联考)At your next meeting, wait for a pau in conversation and try to measure how long it lasts.
Among English speakers, chances are that it will be a cond or two at most. But while this pattern may be universal, our awareness of silence differs dramatically across cultures.
What one culture considers a confusing or awkward pau may be en by others as a valuable moment of reflection and a sign of respect for what the last speaker has said. Rearch in Dutch (荷兰语) and also in English found that when a silence in conversation stretches to four conds, people start to feel uneasy. In contrast, a parate study of business meetings found that Japane people are happy with silences of 8.2 conds — nearly twice as long as in Americans' meetings.
In Japan, it is recognid that the best communication is when you don't speak at all. It's already a failure to understand each other by speaking becau you're repairing that failure by using words.
In the US, it may originate from the history of colonial (殖民地的) America as a crossroads of many different races. When you have a complex of difference, it's hard to e
stablish common understanding unless you talk and there's understandably a kind of anxiety unless people are verbally engaged to establish a common life. This applies also to some extent to London.
In contrast, when there's more homogeneity,_perhaps it's easier for some kinds of silence to appear. For example, among your clost friends and family it's easier to sit in silence than with people you're less well acquainted with.
语篇解读：本文主要讲述了谈话中的沉默文化。尽管交谈中出现停顿是普遍存在的，但我们对沉默的认识在不同的文化中有着巨大的差异。不同的文化中沉默时间不同，对于沉默的看法也不同。
