[考研类试卷]考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷480
Part B (10 points)
0 Today there is widespread agreement that multinational corporations will have an important effect on international relations and world economy. But there is little agreement on exactly what that effect will be. There are two groups of tho who e them as benevolent and tho who e them as evil.
Among tho who e multinational corporations as benevolent, many emphasize their importance in helping reduce the gap between rich countries and poor ones. The business giants are referred to as "engines of development" becau it is claimed that they do more to improve the economic life in less developed countries than all governmental foreign aid programs have ever done. By tting up factories abroad, they provide jobs; by equipping the factories with the latest machines and equipment, they make available the most modem technology. 【R1】______In fact, they do better on their own. It may have been necessary in the mid-nineteen century for Admiral Perry to threaten the Japane with naval bombardment if they did not allow western countries to trade with them. Such threats would make no n today. 【R2】______
The leaders of multinational corporations e patriotism as old-fashioned, the nation-state obsolete, an
d war in pursuit of national glory downright foolish. They believe that the multin合作名言
ational corporation is "a modern concept evolved to meet the requirements of modern age", while the nation-state is "still rooted in archaic concepts unsympathetic to the need of our complex world." 【R3】______
"I think, " an official of General Electric once said, "getting General Electric everywhere in the world is the biggest thing we can do for world peace."
The proponents of the multinational corporations come by and large from the business world. There are, however, many critics among academic students of multinational corporations who regard them as a sinister force. They have produced detailed studies to prove that the benefits of multinational corporations are mostly illusory. To the claim that multinational corporations provide jobs, they point out that this is at the cost of jobs in other countries. To the claim that multinational corporations transfer technology, they reply: (1)often the equipment shipped 头像女可爱萌卡通
overas is out of date;(2)their technology is often unsuitable for many of the less developed countries where labor is plentiful and therefore cheap. 【R4】______
Therefore, they maintain that instead of being the "engines of development", the multinational corporations are actually "engines of impoverishment".
The critics do not deny that consumption of the products of the corporations has rin in countries around the world. 【R5】______Therefore, although the
corporations may breakdown national frontiers they strengthen class distinctions, widening the gap between the rich and the poor, creating greater social injustice and instability.
[A]The long, expensive American war in Vietnam did not bring new opportunities in Southeast Asia for the multinational corporations. The decision of the Nixon administration to improve relations with China was more profitable to them.
[B]The fact that both American teenagers and Mexican peasants are drinking Coca Cola does not mean that the life of the Mexican peasants is getting better due to the multinational corporations.
[C]They therefore characterize themlves as hard-headed people who are helping to bring about a more cooperative system or world order by breaking down national, geographical, political, economic and ideological barriers.
[D]One study actually showed that multinational corporations do not invest capital from wealthy countries, but prefer to finance their operations from the local economy. In other words, they are simply transferring wealth from poorer countries to richer ones.
[E]According to the critics, states will soon realize that they have lost their control over issues such as taxation, employment and even the stability of their own currency.
[F]But they point Out that this so-called "Global Shopping Center" is available only to a very small portion of the local population.
[G]Becau goods are now produced within the less developed countries, there is less need for them to import from abroad, and their balance of payments will improve. Multinational corporations today do not need their countries to provide military force to open foreign countries to their investment, products and sales.
1 【R1】
2 【R2】
3 【R3】
4 【R4】
5 【R5】
5 [A]Indeed, such collaborations at the institutional level must begin with stronger interaction between the offices that have oversight of rearch and international affairs. University rearch and international offices can partner on incentives and procedural international travel awards, promotion and tenure guidelines that encourage outreach, etc.)as well as lobby federal agencies to provide more funding for multi-
institutional collaborative projects. The offices can also help strategically map and forecast emerging rearch fields; identify gaps in experti, instrumentation, and resources; find foreign partners that can complement institutional priorities and strengths, including sharing of high-technology equipment; facilitate interdisciplinary connections; and promote targeted domestic and international institutional, multi-disciplinary, and multilateral linkages. [B]For exam日本犯罪电影
ple, new generation influenza vaccines aro from collaborations between US and Japane pharmaceutical companies;information technology and cybercurity tools were developed by the US Department of Defen with international allies; and clean energy and low carbon technologies from joint work by a consortium of US and Chine universities, national laboratories, and private ctor companies. [C]In order for US rearch universities to remain competitive in today's knowledge-and-innova-tion-driven global economy, it is esntial to expand rearch and scholarly collaborations and forge part
nerships internationally. In recent years, the value of international collaboration has been increasingly emphasized by federal agencies, including the National Science Foundation(NSF), which now encourages more cross-border cooperation in science, technology, and education. [D]The decrea in US-bad global collaborations should concern our science and technology policymakers and institutional leaders. Such worldly partnerships are esntial for producing the best science and remaining competitive in the global scientific community. Any one university cannot sustain broad experti and infrastructure in all disciplinary areas. In addition to domestic collaborations, transnational partnerships can also provide opportunities for greater rearch synergies and complementarities. The collaborations also increa the breadth of scientific inquiry and have accelerated the commercialization of rearch around the globe. [E]Some universities already offer such rvices, and the support has resulted in new international rearch travel awards, targeted workshops, intra-institutional and transnational interdisciplinary collaborations. Clearly, new university organizational and operational instritutions that promote international collaboration can help advance rearch productivity and impact, and are needed to complement national and international initiatives. [F]However, the 2012 NSF report highlighted some concerns. As indicated in the report, two direct measures of international collaboration are coauthorship of rearch publications with foreign rearchers and co-patents with foreign inventors. Over the past d
ecade, the number of papers published by US rearchers with international collaborators has remained relatively flat, increasing only at 1-2 percent each year. Furthermore, the total number of patents filed jointly under the Patent Cooperation Treaty by US and foreign inventors in 2010 was 5, 440, a 6 percent decrea over the previous 3 years. [G]Without a doubt, strong relationships between individual rearchers are the most common and strongest indicator of productivity. Scientists identify colleagues with whom they would like to work, and the friendships translate into long-term collaborations, student exchanges, and scientific and creative outputs. For example, among WSU's top 20 rearchers, 16
have extensive international collaborations, with 32 percent of their peer-reviewed publications being internationally coauthored. But universities can also play a bigger role in promoting international rearch partnerships. Order:
10 [A]The culprit is climate change, caud by society's burning of fossil fuels. When it comes to global warming, farmers who are more attuned to weather patterns than most people—may be the proverbial canaries in the coalmine. The weather, of cour, has never been exactly dependable—fa
rmers have always been at the mercy of the vagaries of sun and rain. General weather patterns have at least been broadly predictable, allowing farmers to know when to sow their eds, when to transplant, when to harvest. As weather patterns become less reliable, growers will be tested to develop new rhythms and systems for growing crops. [B]Most keyboard jockeys would die for the view from Orin Martin's office window: apple trees in blossom, lines of citrus, dozens of varieties of flowers and neat rows of peppers and potatoes. Martin is a farmer in Santa Cruz, Calif., where for the last 30 years he has been an instructor at the University of California ' s agro-ecology program, one of the nation' s oldest organic agriculture curriculums.
[C]What all agriculture experts agree on is that farmers need to start preparing t本命年是好还是不好
oday for climate change. Growers ought to be thinking about what warmer temperatures, fluctuations in precipitation, and an increa in extreme weather events will mean for their farms, and how they can respond. "This is change: it' s not necessarily disaster, " says Grubinger. "The disaster will come if people aren't prepared. " [D]In recent years, however, something has been wrong in his idyllic tting. The weather is changing in strange ways. From New England to the Midwest to California, farmers and scientists are noticing that once-dependable weather patterns are shifting. [E]Among farmers and rearchers, there is disagreement about which types of growers climate change will impact most—l
arge agribusi乔迁送什么礼物好
ness growing operations, or smaller, family-run farms. Some agriculture industry obrvers say that the bigger farmers will have an advantage in coping with weather changes, as they will have more resources to switch to new crops. Others say that since family farms usually grow a wider range of crops, their biological diversity will make it easier to cope with whatever changes occur. [F]Too much rain at the wrong time can make it difficult to plant or harvest crops. Above-average rainfall also contributes to fungi and incts that can dramatically reduce crop yields. Too much warmth is equally problematic. Some plants require a certain number of frost days each year in order to thrive the following spring. As temperatures warm, farmers may find themlves having to either shift to different crops or actually move their operations to new locales. Unreliable weather will make it harder for farmers to be as productive as we
have come to expect. Order:
15 [A]Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities. But basically it involves four things: lling the correct product at the proper place, lling it at a price determined by demand , satisfying a customer' s need and wants, and producing a profit for the company. [B]Be
cau products are often marketed internationally, distribution has incread in importance. Goods must be at the place where the customer need them or bought there. This is known as place utility: it adds value to a product. However, many markets are parated from the place of production, which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed. [C]The terms market and marketing can have veral meanings depending upon how they are ud. The term stock market refers to the buying and lling of shares in corporations, as well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. The important world stock markets are in London, Geneva, New York, Tokyo and Singapore. Another type of market is a grocery market, which is a place where people purcha food. When economists u the word market, they mean a t of forces or conditions that determine the price of a product, such as the supply available for sale and the demand for it by consumers. The term marketing in business includes all the meanings, and more. [D]In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to ll. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to ll the product. Basically, lling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal lling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related rvices, such as financing , standardization and grading, and the related risks.
[E]Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies the wants at a profit to the company. Instead of concentrating solely on product, the company must consider the desires of the consumer. And this is much more difficult since i工作简报
t involves human behavior. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem. Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modem marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process. [F]The modern marketing concept encompass all of the activities mentioned, but it is bad on a different t of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product, or what the market for the product is before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to ll
