纳米材料在航空航天领域的应用

letters and calls, and do practical things for the mass combine good, effective through reaching people at the rvice of the "last mile". Third, foster the development of new energy, new General Secretary XI Jinping stresd development of innovation forest restructuring, revitalization of the old industrial bas in Northeast China is the State's major strategy, Central has issued comprehensive opinions of revitalizing Northeast China and other old industrial bas, the CPC Central Committee on revitalization in Northeast China were ... Vigorous determination does not waver, the work does not slacken off. Be firm with in the development has more to do with hard, and not muddle along, passive inaction. To rely on their own efforts, can't wait, can't wait, stand still. This not only provides new opportunities for development in our region, and gave us new requirements. We must ize the opportunity, full u of national policy, has to be more complicate肉动漫推荐 d, to start and target, give full play to

the initiative of leading cadres at all levels, active, active, focusing on building new momentum for development, accelerating transformation of forest development. To implement the new development philosophy. Philosophy is the action guide, new ideas and new developments. Carrying out innovation, coordination and development of green洞穴 , open, shared ideas, must be measurable, direct action with new development concepts, training cadres. In a new development concept as a yardstick. Established in line with the new concept of evaluation system and evaluation criterion, embodies the new development policy, organization, mandate implementation, always measured by the new development philosophy, continuous correction of forest transition cour. In a new development concept for the path command. As part of the implementation of the new development philosophy followed and action guidelines, firmly adjusted, corrected and reject unsuitable, inappropriate and even

against the new development ideas, behaviors and practices, more pragmatic approach bad on a broad vision, and creatively carry out ecological construction, industrial development, improving people's livelihood, such as the work to ensure that new development ideas take root in forest areas. In a new development concept for weapon training cadre. Education leaders "in the new, nothing" two articles, enhancing vitality and power. Combined development "six big industry", and i斐乐手表 mplementation "three big engineering", and create "two big environ主题班会开场白 ment", strengthening on new development, and new economy concept of learning, and grasp and using, real put thought and action unified to new development concept up, at with new development concept armed himlf, and guide practice, effective do advocate innovation, and focud on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. Second, we must rely on Science and technology affects. Technical

innovation is the promotion of economic transfor兄弟的英语 mation and upgrading, quality and efficiency "first power".

纳米材料在航空航天领域的应用

学 院： 材料科学与工程学院

姓 名： 陈美龄

学 号： 41136025

班 级： 纳米11班

livelihood, is related to people's well-being and social harmony and stability. We need to protect and improve the livelihood of the people as the starting point and ending point of transition and improve forest people's feeling and happiness. To promote poverty relief and development work. Implementing poverty alleviation crucial project is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee, is also determined by the provincial "first project", we must unify thinking and action to the requirements of the Central, provincial, resolutely win the poverty battle. The previous pha I to 18 stations, Tahe, Pine Ridge rearch, visited many of the poor, go, the heavier, more pressure. For poverty relief and development work, we must pay attention to it, always in mind, grasping hands, should not be blindly optimistic, there can be no slack. Poverty alleviation and development lies in preci, accurate. Prent, in order to find out the real ba of poor people as soon as possible, come up

with feasible poverty standards, state card, built on the basis of document management. To firmly establish the "poverty reduction" concept, increa the intensity of resource integration, and related funding, with limited funds wily. By using a combination of employment, entrepreneurship for poverty eradication poverty eradication, education, poverty alleviation, medical aid of poverty means, due to effects of policies, tho policies, ensure the completion of mission objectives for poverty eradication for the year. To actively promote the construction of new towns. In February this year, promulgated by the State Council on further promoting urbanization construction of new opinions, propod to adhere to the people-centered, four modernizations synchronization, optimization, ecology civilization and cultural heritage of new urbanization path with Chine characteristics. According to district-wide construction of civilized city and the beautiful countryside, further strengthening of

urban transport, water supply and drainage and wage, waste disposal ground, underground, such as infrastructure construction, strive to create a safer and more livable environment. To actively ize the full stop and opportunities for poverty alleviation and development, further efforts to increa forest villages merge, population to the County (district) Council sites and centres concentrated in villages and towns. Combined development of urban construction and tourism industries, careful planning and construction of a number of suitable for residential and farm tour towns and villages, forming one village one product, a feature pattern. Clor to the mass. Since last year, our in-depth implementation of the leading cadres of grassroots mass at work, solve the problems of a large number of people, get the mass give wholehearted support to and prai, this work will carry on, ab枸杞酒 solutely cannot or movement. Grassroots mass and cadres in combination with poverty reduction,

combined with the steady work如何调戏男朋友 of

——《纳米材料科学与技术前沿》论文

2014.7.30

一、摘要：

随着我国社会经济的快速发展，科技技术更新速度日益加快。

纳米材料早已渗透到我们人类生活的方方面面，在我们的日常生活

中发挥着不可替代的作用。

目前，纳米材料材料研究领域，已经由原来如何方便人类生活、

如何开发新型材料，逐步向减少环境负担、材料可循环利用、低能

高效的方向发展。同时，随着航天事业的发展，纳米材料材料同样

发挥着不可替代的作用。在未来的研究方面，将会是向低碳环保和

科技技术方面发展。

本文主要介绍在航天领域方面的热门两种纳米材料。

二、无机抗菌纳米材料

（1）简介

细菌、霉菌、酵竹苗、凛类等_仃害微牛物小仅对人类生活作业

境造成污染，而且时人体健康和生命造成严币损害。即使在远离地

球的找人航天E行器舱内环境中同样不能丰免。美国载人航无器E

行史中，因细菌感染而导致乘员患感冒、尿路感染、皮炎、I I牌，

溃疡的病例就打多起。如阿波罗7、8 q曾发生呼吸道感染，

9、1I、12、14发生中耳炎，其他E行任务中也牲牛过皮疹等皮肤

感染性疾病，P号宅川站乘员留轨期问也有因细菌感染患疵，从而

不得不提返航的病例。

纳米11 陈美龄 41136025

（2）机抗菌纳米材料材料简介

无机抗菌纳米材料材料就是含有无机抗菌成分并具有抗菌抑菌

功能的纳米材料材料。无机抗菌剂是一种新的、含有银、锌、铜等

金属离子成分和无机载体的接触型抗菌制剂，其所含金属离子具有

超强抗菌能力。

当细菌、霉菌等微生物接触到载体中游离态金属离子后，带正

电荷的金属离子与带负电荷的微生物因库仑引力相互吸附，并在微

生物表面聚积，在金属离子之正电荷达一定量时，就会有效击穿细

菌细胞壁，接触细胞内部蛋白质和核酸，产生农村自建房装修效果图大全 化学反应，使蛋白质

变性，从而降低蛋白酶活性。蛋白质失活就会影响细胞的代谢和呼

吸功能，使其无法进行分裂繁殖，直到死亡，从而达到灭菌、抑菌

目的。

（3）分子材料航天应用现状

目前我国己试制和生产出硅、钙、钾三大系列七大类多种抗菌

剂，而且还为各种制剂选配了合适载体，较好的解决了部分抗菌纳

米材料制品的生产工艺技术难题。如抗菌尼龙丝、聚乙烯板，药品

包装材料、食品包装膜、聚丙编织丝料、无纺布、ABS、PS、聚酯泡

沫塑料、涂料、空气清新剂等多种抗菌制品，经过进一步严格筛试，

均可应用于载人航天技术领域。

3

为给乘员创建安全可靠工作条件和舒适方便的生活环境，纳米

材料聚合材料越来越多的运用于载人航天舱内设备。航天服就用到

多种经特殊处理的保温耐压纳米材料材料。又如头盔及其面窗材料，

通信用麦克和耳机材料，飞行程序控制用计算机壳体、操作键盘，

各种连接导线和电缆，多种非金属餐饮、复水器具，食品、饮料及

药品包装材料，废物和大小便收集存贮装置，尿液及航天废水再生

处理用过滤、透析膜材料,吸水材料，保温材料，各种通用工具及设

备的操作把手，各种通风排气复合软管材料，减震保温用发泡材料，

有时电热设备的绝缘隔热层也不得不用纳米材料材料制成。纳米材

料材料为人类创建生活和工作便利的同时，同样也会遭受有害菌侵

蚀，不仅损害材料外观，而且严重损害到材料质量，甚至通过交叉

传播殃及人体健康。据调查，105 f-1电话中46％的机子上有大肠

杆菌，仅在塑料听筒、话筒上就有480余种细菌和2400种病毒。有

害微生物的繁衍速度很快，在适宜条件下，一个大肠杆菌经9个小

时可达1亿个之多。

三、聚磷腈在航空航天中的应用

（1）

简介

在现代材料科学与技术发展历程中，航空航天材料一直扮演着

先导性角色，材料进步不仅推动了航空航天业本身的发展，也带动

了地面交通工具进步，航空航天材料反映了材料发展的前沿，代表

纳米11 陈美龄 41136025

一个国家材料的最高水平。航空航天材料主要要求是抗疲劳、耐高

温、耐腐蚀、长寿命等。

（2）聚磷腈材料在航空航天领域中的应用

1、在织物阻燃中

航空航天领域织物包括降落伞和宇航服装，要求材料具有高的

阻燃和耐热性能，以满足特殊条件下的使用。

刘霞等人通过热重分析(TGA)、差热分析(DTA)，红外光谱(IR)

等详细研究了TAP对织物阻燃性能的影响。当添加质量分数为l7％

时，成率(燃烧分解后剩余质量占原来质量的分数)为39％，氧指数

为47。5，手感好，强度损失小，水平点燃有自熄性。国外有人对

TAP(日本曹达公司产品)的水合物和盐酸盐进行研究。经TAP化合物

阻燃整理的棉纤维性能见表1。

由表1可知，经TAP化合物整理后，棉缎具有高的耐洗性和耐

久性，阻燃效果明显，基于增质量率和不同条件下的极限氧指数

(iO0最高达到39。TAP化合物与防火整理剂(丙烷一派罗伐特克斯，

cp)进一步经热分析对比，发现CP在受热过程中发生放热分解。TAP

化合物在受热过程中，由于放出HCI和NH 而发生吸热，且TAP在

纤维素中发生缩聚反应(如图3所示)，在酸催化作用下，脱除NH，

而发生缩聚，生成不溶于水的聚合物，从而赋予纤维以持久的阻燃

性。用TAP化合物进行阻燃整理有如下优点：赋予棉纤维以持久阻

燃性；不会游离出甲醛；经整理的布手感柔软，强度保持率(经向)

5

高达90％；不变色；由于不含卤素，燃烧时不会产生卤素气体和卤

化氢气体。此

外，TAP对人造纤维、棉针织物、丝绸有防缩整理效果。

2赫鲁晓夫简介 、在阻燃泡沫橡胶中

美联邦航空局的Richard等人对高效阻燃聚磷腈泡沫材料进行

了测试。聚磷腈材料与其他材料相Ii试数据见表2.前者的热性能

显示了非常大的优势，EYPEL—A热释放能力比航空用Pu橡胶降低

了66．4％，膨胀石墨改性聚磷腈橡胶的 更是降低了80．7％。从

反应材料阻燃性的成炭率可看出：EYPEL—A比航空用Pu橡胶的成

炭率提高9倍，膨胀石墨改性聚磷腈橡胶更是提高了近20倍。另外

聚磷腈材料的燃烧性能更为优越(表3)，与Pu相比，燃烧时聚磷腈

材料最大热释放速率降低70％，平均有效燃烧热量降低37．5％蒲公英的作文 ，

显著降低燃烧释放出的热量，减少燃烧造成的损失，石墨改性的聚

磷腈性能则更优。

纳米11 陈美龄 41136025

3、在胶黏剂中

聚磷腈胶黏剂[1 具有突出的耐热性能，300度以上有较好的耐

热性和黏结一IIii(对金属粘接剪切强度为200MPa以上)，并且其

抗冲击韧性比无机盐胶黏剂好得多。聚磷腈胶黏剂主要用于高温作

业下如火箭、导弹、飞机等有关耐高温部件的金属、陶瓷和玻璃钢

等工件的粘接。典型的聚磷腈胶黏剂合成见图4。

7

四、结语

纳米材料也叫做聚合物材料，通常是指由千万个小分子有化学

键连接而成的大分子聚合物。我们生活中应用的纳米材料材料就是

指合成材料、合成橡胶、合成纤维等合成纳米材料材料。然而20世

纪60年代，纳米材料工业已基本完善，解决了人们的衣着、日用品、

和工业材料等需求。因此，在未来的纳米材料航空航天应用领域，

纳米材料材料功能化、纳米纳米材料材料复合技术以及可降解生物

纳米材料材料研发将是三个重要的研究领域。

五、参考文献

（1）许胜国，魏民，赵成坚，谢琼- 中国宇航学会首届学术年会论

文集，无机抗菌纳米材料材料在载人航天技术中的应用前景。

（2）李爱元，张慧波，陈亚东，王建 - 《胶体与聚合物》，聚磷

腈纳米材料材料在航空航天领域中的应用。