1787年宪法

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《美国宪法》

（中、英文版）

（中文）

序言

我们美利坚合众国的人民,为了组织一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内的安宁,建

立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福,乃为美利

坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

第一条

第一款本宪法所规定的立法权,全属合众国的国会,国会由一个参议院和一个众议院

组成。

第二款众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成,各州选举人应具有该州州

议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。凡年龄未满二十五岁,或取得合众国公民资

格未满七年,或于某州当选而并非该州居民者,均不得任众议员。众议员人数及直接税税额,

应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配,此项人口数目的计算法,应在全体自由人民－－包

括订有契约的短期仆役,但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外,再加上所有其他人口

之五分之三。实际人口调查,应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行,并于其后每十年举

行一次,其调查方法另以法律规定之。众议员的数目,不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人,但

每州至少应有众议员一人；在举行人囗调查以前,各州得按照下列数目选举众议员:新罕

布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六

人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来

纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。任何一州的众议员有缺额时,该州的行政长官应

颁选举令,选出众议员以补充缺额。众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员；只有众议院具有

提出弹劾案的权力。

第三款合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之,参议员的任期为六

年,每名参议员有一票表决权。参议员于第一次选举后举行会议之时,应当立即尽量均等地

分成三组。第一组参议员的任期,到第二年年终时届满,第二组到第四年年终时届满,第三组

到第六年年终时届满,俾使每两年有三分之一的参议员改选；如果在某州州议会休会期间,

有参议员因辞职或其它原因出缺,该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员,等到州议会下次集会

时,再予选举补缺。凡年龄未满三十岁,或取得合众国公民资格未满九年,或于某州当选而并

非该州居民者,均不得任参议员。合众国副总统应为参议院议长,除非在投票票数相等时,议

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长无投票权。参议院应选举该院的其他官员,在副总统缺席或执行合众国总统职务时,还应

选举临时议长。所有弹劾案,只有参议院有权审理。在开庭审理弹劾案时,参议员们均应宣

誓或誓愿。如受审者为合众国总统,则应由最高法院首席大法官担任主席；在末得出席的

参议员的三分之二的同意时,任何人不得被判有罪。弹劾案的判决,不得超过免职及取消其

担任合众国政府任何有荣誉、有责任或有俸给的职位之资格；但被判处者仍须服从另据

法律所作之控诉、审讯、判决及惩罚。

第四款各州州议会应规定本州参议员及众议员之选举时间、地点及程序；但国会

得随时以法律制定或变更此种规定,惟有选举议员的地点不在此例。国会应至少每年集会

一次,开会日期应为十二月的第一个星期一,除非他们通过法律来指定另一个日期。

第五款参众两院应各自审查本院的选举、选举结果报告和本院议员的资格,每院议员

过半数即构成可以议事的法定人数；不足法定人数时,可以一天推一天地延期开会,并有权

依照各该议院所规定的程序和罚则,强迫缺席的议员出席。参众两院得各自规定本院的议

事规则,处罚本院扰乱秩序的议员,并且得以三分之二的同意,开除本院的议员。参众两院应

各自保存一份议事记录,并经常公布,惟各该院认为应保守秘密之部分除外；两院议员对于

每一问题之赞成或反对,如有五分之一出席议员请求,则应记载于议事记录内。在国会开会

期间,任一议院未得别院同意,不得休会三日以上,亦不得迁往非两院开会的其他地点。

第六款参议员与众议员得因其服务而获报酬,报酬的多寡由法律定之,并由合众国国

库支付。两院议员除犯叛国罪、重罪以及扰乱治安罪外,在出席各该院会议及往返各该院

途中,有不受逮捕之特权；两院议员在议院内所发表之演说及辩论,在其它场合不受质询。

参议员或众议员不得在其当选任期内担任合众国政府任何新添设的职位,或在其任期内支

取因新职位而增添的俸给；在合众国政府供职的人,不得在其任职期间担任国会议员。

第七款有关征税的所有法案应在众议院中提出；但参议院得以处理其它法案的方

式,以修正案提出建议或表示同意。经众议院和参议院通过的法案,在正式成为法律之前,须

呈送合众国总统；总统如批准,便须签署,如不批准,即应连同他的异议把它退还给原来提出

该案的议院,该议院应将异议详细记入议事记录,然后进行复议。倘若在复议之后,该议院议

员的三分之二仍然同意通过该法案,该院即应将该法案连同异议书送交另一院,由其同样予

以复议,若此另一院亦以三分之二的多数通过,该法案即成为法律。但遇有这样的情形时,两

院的表决均应以赞同或反对来定,而赞同和反对该法案的议员的姓名,均应由两院分别记载

于各该院的议事记录之内。如总统接到法案后十日之内(星期日除外),不将之退还,该法案

即等于曾由总统签署一样,成为法律准有当国会休会因而无法将该法案退还时,该法案才

不得成为法律。任何命令、决议或表决(有关休会问题者除外),凡须由参议院及众议院予

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以同意者,均应呈送合众国总统；经其此准之后,方始生效,如总统不予批准,则参众两院可

依照对于通过法案所规定的各种规则和限制,各以三分之二的多数,再行通过。

第八款国会有权规定并征收税金、捐税、关税和其它赋税,用以偿付国债并为合众国

的共同防御和全民福利提供经费；但是各种捐税、关税和其它赋税,在合众国内应划一征

收；以合众国的信用举债；管理与外国的、州与州间的,以及对印第安部落的贸易；制定

在合众国内一致适用的归化条例,和有关破产的一致适用的法律；铸造货币,调议其价值,

并厘定外币价值,以及制定度量衡的标准；制定对伪造合众国证券和货币的惩罚条例；设

立邮政局及延造驿路；为促进科学和实用技艺的进步,对作家和发明家的著作和发明,在一

定期限内给予专利权的保障；设置最高法院以下的各级法院；界定并惩罚海盗罪、在公

海所犯的重罪和违背国际公法的罪行；宣战,对民用船苹颁发捕押敌船及采取报复行动的

特许证,制定在陆地和海面虏获战利晶的规则；募集和维持陆军,但每次拨充该项费用的款

项,其有效期不得超过两年；配备和保持海军；制定有开管理和控制陆海军队的各种条例；

制定召集民兵的条例,以便执行联邦法律,镇压叛乱和击退侵略；规定民兵的组织、装备和

训练,以及民兵为合众国服务时的管理办法,但各州保留其军官任命权,和依照国会规定的

条例训练其民团的权力；对于由某州让与而由国会承受,用以充当合众国政府所在地的地

区(不逾十哩见方),握有对其一切事务的全部立法权；对于经州议会同意,向州政府购得,

用以建筑要塞、弹药库、兵工厂、船坞和其它必要建筑物的地方,也握有同样的权力；－

－并且为了行使上述各项权力,以及行使本宪法赋予合众国政府或其各部门或其官员的种

种权力,制定一切必要的和适当的法律。

第九款对于现有任何一州所认为的应准其移民或入境的人,在一八O八年以前,国会

不得加以禁止,但可以对入境者课税,惟以每人不超过十美元为限。不得中止人身保护令所

保障的特权,惟在叛乱或受到侵犯的情况下,出于公共安全的必要时不在此限。不得通过任

何褫夺公权的法案或者追溯既往的法律。除非按本宪法所规定的人口调查或统计之比例,

不得征收任何人口税或其它直接税。对各州输出之货物,不得课税。任何有关商务或纳税

的条例,均不得赋予某一州的港口以优惠待遇；亦不得强迫任何开往或来自某一州的船苹,

驶入或驶出另一州,或向另一州纳税。除了依照法律的规定拨款之外,不得自国库中提出任

何款项；一切公款收支的报告和帐目,应经常公布。合众国不得颁发任何贵族爵位:凡是

在合众国政府担任有俸给或有责任之职务者,末经国会许可,不得接受任何国王、王子或外

国的任何礼物、薪酬、职务或爵位。

第十款各州不得缔结任何条约、结盟或组织邦联；不得对民用船苹颁发捕押敌船及

采取报复行动之特许证；不得铸造货币；不得发行纸币；不得指定金银币以外的网络防骗 物品作

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为偿还债务的法定货币；不得通过任何褫夺公权的法案、追溯既往的法律和损害契约义务

的法律；也不得颁发任何贵族爵位。未经国会同意,各州不得对进口货物或出口货物征收

任何税款,但为了执行该州的检查法律而有绝对的必要时,不在此限；任何州对于进出囗货

物所征的税,其净收益应归合众国国库使用；所有这一类的检查法律,国会对之有修正和监

督之权。未经国会同意,各州不得征收船舶吨位税,不得在和平时期保持军队和军舰,不得和

另外一州或国缔结任何协定或契约,除非实际遭受入侵,或者遇到刻不容缓的危急情形时,

不得从事战争。

第二条

第一款行政权力赋予美利坚合众国总统。总统任期四年,总统和具有同样任期的副总

统,应照下列手续选举:每州应依照该州州议会所规定之手续,指定选举人若干名,其人数应

与该州在国会之参议员及众议员之总数相等；但参讥员、众议员及任何在合众国政府担任

有责任及有俸给之职务的人,均不得被指定为选举人。各选举人应于其本身所属的州内集

会,每人投票选举二人,其中至少应有一人不属本州居民。选举人应开列全体被选人名单,注

明每人所得票数；他们还应签名作证明,并将封印后的名单送至合众国政府所在地交与参

议院议长。参议院议长应于参众两院全体议员之前,开拆所有来件,然后计算票数。得票最

多者,如其所得票数超过全体选举人的半数,即当选为总统；如同时不止一人得票过半数,旦

又得同等票数,则众议院应立即投票表决,选毕其中一人为总统；如无人得票过半数,则众

议院应自得票最多之前五名中用同样方法选举总统。但依此法选举总统时,应以州为单位,

每州之代表共有一票；如全国三分之二的州各有一名或多名众议员出席,即构成选举总统

的法定人数；当选总统者需获全部州的过半数票。在每次这样的选举中,于总统选出后,

其获得选举人所投票数最多者,即为副总统。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等时,则应由参

议院投票表决,选学其中一人为副总统。国会得决定各州选出选举人的时期以及他们投票

的日子；投票日期全国一律。只有出生时为合众国公民,或在本宪法实施时已为合众国公

民者,可被选为总统；凡年龄未满三十五岁,或居住合众国境内未满十四年者,不得被选为

总统。如遇总统被免职,或因死亡、辞职或丧失能力而不能执行其权力及职务时,总统职权

应由副总统执行之。国会得以法律规定,在总统及副总统均被免职,或死亡、辞职或丧失能

力时,由何人代理总统职务,该人应即遵此视事,至总统能力恢复,或新总统被选出时为止。总

统得因其服务而在规定的时间内接受俸给,在其任期之内,俸金数额不得增加或减低,他亦

不得在此任期内,自合众国政府和任何州政府接爱其它报酬。在他就职之前,他应宣誓或誓

愿如下:－－「我郑重宣誓(或矢言)我必忠诚地执行合众国总统的职务,并尽我最大的能力,

维持、保护和捍卫合众国宪法。

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第二款总统为合众国陆海军的总司令,并在各州民团奉召为合众国执行任务的担任

统帅；他可以要求每个行政部门的主管官员提出有关他们职务的任何事件的书面意见,

除了弹劫案之外,他有权对于违犯合众国法律者颁赐缓刑和特赦。总统有权缔订条约,但须

争取参议院的意见和同意,并须出席的参议员中三分之二的人赞成；他有权提名,并于取得

参议院的意见和同意后,任命大使、公使及领事、最高法院的法官,以及一切其他在本宪法

中未经明定、但以后将依法律的规定而设置之合众国官员；国会可以制定法律,酌情把这

些较低级官员的任命权,授予总统本人,授予法院,或授予各行政部门的首长。在参议院休会

期间,如遇有职位出缺,总统有权任命官员补充缺额,任期于参议院下届会议结束时终结。

第三款总统应经常向国会报告联邦的情况,并向国会提出他认为必要和适当的措施,

供其考虑；在特殊情况下,他得召集两院或其中一院开会,并得于两院对于休会时间意见

不一致时,命令两院休会到他认为适当的时期为止；他应接见大使和公使；他应注意使法

律切实执行,并任命所有合众国的军官。

第四款合众国总统、副总统及其他所有文官,因叛国、贿赂或其它重罪和轻罪,被弹劾

而判罪者,均应免职。

第三条

第一款合众国的司法权属于一个最高法院以及由国会随时下令设立的低级法院。最

高法院和低级法院的法官,如果尽忠职守,应继续任职,并按期接受俸给作为其服务之报酬,

在其继续任职期间,该项俸给不得削减。

第二款司法权适用的范围,应包括在本宪法、合众国法律、和合众国已订的及将订的

条约之下发生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件；一切有关大使、公使及领事的案件；

一切有关海上裁判权及海事裁判权的案件；合众国为当事一方的诉讼；州与州之间的诉

讼,州与另一州的公民之间的诉讼,一州公民与另一州公民之间的诉讼,同州公民之间为不

同之州所让与之土地而争执的诉讼,以及一州或其公民与外国政府、公民或其属民之间的

诉讼。在一切有关大使、公使、领事以及州为当事一方的案件中,最高法院有最初审理权。

在上述所有其它案件中,最高法院有关于法律和事实的受理上诉权,但由国会规定为例外及

另有处理条例者,不在此限。对一切罪行的审判,除了弹劫案以外,均应由陪审团裁定,并且该

审判应在罪案发生的州内举行；但如罪案发生地点并不在任何一州之内,该项审判应在国

会按法律指定之地点或几个地点学行。

第三款只有对合众国发动战争,或投向它的敌人,予敌人以协助及方便者,方构成叛国

罪。无论何人,如非经由两个证人证明他的公然的叛国行为,或经由本人在公开法庭认罪者,

均不得被判叛国罪。国会有权宣布对于叛国罪的惩处,但因叛国罪而被褫夺公权者,其后人

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之继承权不受影响,叛国者之财产亦只能在其本人生存期间被没收。

第四条

第一款各州对其它各州的公共法案、记录、和司法程序,应给予完全的信赖和尊重。

国会得制定一般法律,用以规定这种法案、记录、和司法程序如何证明以及具有何等效力。

第二款每州公民应享受各州公民所有之一切特权及豁免。凡在任何一州被控犯有叛

国罪、重罪或其它罪行者,逃出法外而在另一州被缉获时,该州应即依照该罪犯所逃出之州

的行政当局之请求,将该罪犯交出,以便移交至该犯罪案件有管辖权之州。凡根据一州之法

律应在该州服役或服劳役者,逃往另一州时,不得因另一州之任何法律或条例,解除其服役

或劳役,而应依照有权要求该项服役或劳役之当事一方的要求,把人交出。

第三款国会得准许新州加入联邦；如无有关各州之州议会及国会之同意,不得于任

何州之管辖区域内建立新州；亦不得合并两州或数州、或数州之一部分而成立新州。国

会有权处置合众国之属地及其它产业,并制定有关这些属地及产业的一切必要的法规和章

则；本宪法中任何条文,不得作有损于合众国或任何一州之权利的解释。

第四款合众国保证联邦中的每一州皆为共和政体,保障它们不受外来的侵略；并且

根据各州州议会或行政部门(当州议会不能召集时)的请求,平定其内部的暴乱。

第五条

举凡两院议员各以三分之二的多数认为必要时,国会应提出对本宪法的修正案；或者,

当现有诸州三分之二的州议会提出请求时,国会应召集修宪大会,以上两种修正案,如经诸

州四分之三的州议会或四分之三的州修宪大会批准时,即成为本宪法之一部分而发生全部

效力,至于采用那一种批准方式,则由国会议决；但一八○八年以前可能制定之修正案,在任

何情形下,不得影响本宪法第一条第九款之第一、第四两项；任何一州,没有它的同意,不

得被剥夺它在参议院中的平等投票权。

第六条

合众国政府于本宪法被批准之前所积欠之债务及所签订之条约,于本宪法通过后,具有

和在邦联政府时同等的效力。本宪法及依本宪法所制定之合众国法律；以及合众国已经缔

结及将要缔结的一切条约,皆为全国之最高法律；每个州的法官都应受其约束,任何一州宪

法或法律中的任何内容与之抵触时,均不得有违这一规定。前述之参议员及众议员,各州州

议会议员,合众国政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官员,均应宣誓或誓愿拥护本宪法；但

合众国政府之任何职位或公职,皆不得以任何宗教标准作为任职的必要条件。

第七条

本宪法经过九个州的制宪大会批准后,即在批准本宪法的各州之间开始生效。

;.

..

本宪法于公元１７８７年,即美利坚合众国独立后第１２年的９月１７日,经出席制

宪会议的各州在会上一致同意后制定。我们谨在此签名作证。

THECONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA

March4,1789

Preamble

WethepeopleoftheUnitedStates,inordertoformamoreperfectunion,establishjustice,

insuredomestictranquility,provideforthecommondefen,promotethegeneralwelfare,and

curetheblessingsoflibertytoourlvesandourposterity,doordainandestablishthis

ConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

ArticleI

islativepowershereingrantedshallbevestedinaCongressoftheUnited

States,whichshallconsistofaSenateandHouofReprentatives.

ofReprentativesshallbecompodofmemberschonevery

condyearbythepeopleoftheveralstates,andtheelectorsineachstateshallhavethe

qualificationsrequisiteforelectorsofthemostnumerousbranchofthestatelegislature.

NopersonshallbeaReprentativewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheageoftwentyfive

years,andbeenvenyearsacitizenoftheUnitedStates,andwhoshallnot,whenelected,be

aninhabitantofthatstateinwhichheshallbechon.

Reprentativesanddirecttaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheveralstateswhichmay

beincludedwithinthisunion,accordingtotheirrespectivenumbers,whichshallbedetermined

byaddingtothewholenumberoffreepersons,includingthoboundtorviceforatermof

years,andexcludingIndiansnottaxed,ualEnumerationshallbemadewithinthreeyearsafterthefirstmeetingoftheCongressoftheUnitedStates,and

;.

..

withineverysubquenttermoftenyears,

numberofReprentativesshallnotexceedoneforeverythirtythousand,buteachstateshall

haveatleastoneReprentative；anduntilsuchenumerationshallbemade,thestateofNew

Hampshireshallbeentitledtochoothree,Massachuttight,RhodeIslandandProvidence

Plantationsone,Connecticutfive,NewYorksix,NewJeryfour,Pennsylvaniaeight,

Delawareone,Marylandsix,Virginiaten,NorthCarolinafive,SouthCarolinafive,andGeorgia

three.

WhenvacancieshappenintheReprentationfromanystate,theexecutiveauthoritythereofshallissuewritsofelectiontofillsuchvacancies.

TheHouofReprentativesshallchootheirspeakerandotherofficers；andshallhave

thesolepowerofimpeachment.

ateoftheUnitedStatesshallbecompodoftwoSenatorsfromeach

state,chonbythelegislaturethereof,forsixyears；andeachSenatorshallhaveone

atelyaftertheyshallbeasmbledinconquenceofthefirstelection,theyshallbe

tsoftheSenatorsofthefirstclassshall

bevacatedattheexpirationofthecondyear,ofthecondclassattheexpirationofthefourth

year,andthethirdclassattheexpirationofthesixthyear,sothatonethirdmaybechonevery

condyear；andifvacancieshappenbyresignation,orotherwi,duringtherecessofthe

legislatureofanystate,theexecutivethereofmaymaketemporaryappointmentsuntilthenext

meetingofthelegislature,whichshallthenfillsuchvacancies.

NopersonshallbeaSenatorwhoshallnothaveattainedtotheageofthirtyyears,andbeen

nineyearsacitizenoftheUnitedStatesandwhoshallnot,whenelected,beaninhabitantofthat

stateforwhichheshallbechon.

TheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStatesshallbePresidentoftheSenate,butshallhaveno

vote,unlesstheybeequallydivided.

TheSenateshallchootheirotherofficers,andalsoaPresidentprotempore,inthe

abnceoftheVicePresident,orwhenheshallexercitheofficeofPresidentoftheUnited

States.

ttingforthatpurpo,

ePresidentoftheUnitedStatesistried,theChief

Justiceshallpreside:Andnopersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheconcurrenceoftwothirdsof

themembersprent.

Judgmentincasofimpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthantoremovalfromoffice,anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyanyofficeofhonor,trustorprofitundertheUnitedStates:

;.

..

butthepartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjecttoindictment,trial,judgmentand

punishment,accordingtolaw.

es,placesandmannerofholdingelectionsforSenatorsand

Reprentatives,shallbeprescribedineachstatebythelegislaturethereof；buttheCongress

mayatanytimebylawmakeoraltersuchregulations,exceptastotheplacesofchoosing

Senators.

TheCongressshallasmbleatleastonceineveryyear,andsuchmeetingshallbeonthe

firstMondayinDecember,

Houshallbethejudgeoftheelections,returnsandqualificationsofitsownmembers,anda

majorityofeachshallconstituteaquorumtodobusiness；butasmallernumbermayadjourn

fromdaytoday,andmaybeauthorizedtocompeltheattendanceofabntmembers,insuch

manner,andundersuchpenaltiesaachHoumayprovide.

EachHoumaydeterminetherulesofitsproceedings,punishitsmembersfordisorderly

behavior,and,withtheconcurrenceoftwothirds,expelamember.

EachHoushallkeepajournalofitsproceedings,andfromtimetotimepublishthesame,

exceptingsuchpartsasmayintheirjudgmentrequirecrecy；andtheyeasandnaysofthe

membersofeitherHouonanyquestionshall,atthedesireofonefifthofthoprent,be

enteredonthejournal.

NeitherHou,duringthessionofCongress,shall,withouttheconntoftheother,

adjournformorethanthreedays,nortoanyotherplacethanthatinwhichthetwoHousshall

besitting.蝈蝈叫声

atorsandReprentativesshallreceiveacompensationfortheirrvices,

tobeascertainedbylaw,allinallcas,

excepttreason,felonyandbreachofthepeace,beprivilegedfromarrestduringtheirattendance

atthessionoftheirrespectiveHous,andingoingtoandreturningfromthesame；andfor

anyspeechordebateineitherHou,theyshallnotbequestionedinanyotherplace.

NoSenatororReprentativeshall,duringthetimeforwhichhewalected,beappointed

toanycivilofficeundertheauthorityoftheUnitedStates,whichshallhavebeencreated,orthe

emolumentswhereofshallhavebeenincreadduringsuchtime；andnopersonholdingany

officeundertheUnitedStates,shallbeamemberofeitherHouduringhiscontinuancein

office.

lsforraisingrevenueshalloriginateintheHouofReprentatives；but

theSenatemaypropoorconcurwithamendmentsasonotherBills.

EverybillwhichshallhavepasdtheHouofReprentativesandtheSenate,shall,

;.

..

beforeitbecomealaw,beprentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates；ifheapprovehe

shallsignit,butifnotheshallreturnit,withhisobjectionstothatHouinwhichitshallhave

originated,whoshallentertheobjectionsatlargeontheirjournal,andproceedtoreconsiderit.

IfaftersuchreconsiderationtwothirdsofthatHoushallagreetopassthebill,itshallbent,

togetherwiththeobjections,totheotherHou,bywhichitshalllikewibereconsidered,and

ifapprovedbytwothirdsofthatHou,llsuchcasthevotesof

bothHousshallbedeterminedbyyeasandnays,andthenamesofthepersonsvotingforand

illshallnotbe

returnedbythePresidentwithintendays(Sundayxcepted)afteritshallhavebeenprented

tohim,thesameshallbealaw,inlikemannerasifhehadsignedit,unlesstheCongressby

theiradjournmentpreventitsreturn,inwhichcaitshallnotbealaw.

Everyorder,resolution,orvotetowhichtheconcurrenceoftheSenateandHouof

Reprentativesmaybenecessary(exceptonaquestionofadjournment)shallbeprentedto

thePresidentoftheUnitedStates；andbeforethesameshalltakeeffect,shallbeapprovedby

him,orbeingdisapprov微电影拍摄 edbyhim,shallberepasdbytwothirdsoftheSenateandHouof

Reprentatives,accordingtotherulesandlimitationsprescribedinthecaofabill.

gressshallhavepowertolayandcollecttaxes,duties,impostsand

excis,topaythedebtsandprovideforthecommondefenandgeneralwelfareoftheUnited

States；butallduties,impostsandexcisshallbeuniformthroughouttheUnitedStates；

ToborrowmoneyonthecreditoftheUnitedStates；

Toregulatecommercewithforeignnations,andamongtheveralstates,andwiththe

Indiantribes；

Toestablishauniformruleofnaturalization,anduniformlawsonthesubjectof

bankruptciesthroughouttheUnitedStates；

Tocoinmoney,regulatethevaluethereof,andofforeigncoin,andfixthestandardof

weightsandmeasures；

Toprovideforthepunishmentofcounterfeitingthecuritiesandcurrentcoinofthe

UnitedStates；

Toestablishpostofficesandpostroads；

Topromotetheprogressofscienceandufularts,bycuringforlimitedtimestoauthors

andinventorstheexclusiverighttotheirrespectivewritingsanddiscoveries；

ToconstitutetribunalsinferiortotheSupremeCourt；

Todefineandpunishpiraciesandfeloniescommittedonthehighas,andoffensagainst

;.

..

thelawofnations；

Todeclarewar,grantlettersofmarqueandreprisal,andmakerulesconcerningcaptureson

landandwater；

Toraiandsupportarmies,butnoappropriationofmoneytothatushallbeforalonger

termthantwoyears；

Toprovideandmaintainanavy；

Tomakerulesforthegovernmentandregulationofthelandandnavalforces；

Toprovideforcallingforththemilitiatoexecutethelawsoftheunion,suppress

insurrectionsandrepelinvasions；

Toprovidefororganizing,arming,anddisciplining,themilitia,andforgoverningsuchpart

ofthemasmaybeemployedintherviceoftheUnitedStates,rervingtothestates

respectively,theappointmentoftheofficers,andtheauthorityoftrainingthemilitiaaccording

tothedisciplineprescribedbyCongress；

Toexerciexclusivelegislationinallcaswhatsoever,oversuchDistrict(notexceeding

tenmilessquare)asmay,bycessionofparticularstates,andtheacceptanceofCongress,

becometheatofthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates,andtoexercilikeauthorityoverall

placespurchadbytheconntofthelegislatureofthestateinwhichthesameshallbe,forthe

erectionofforts,magazines,arnals,dockyards,andotherneedfulbuildings；

Tomakealllawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoexecutionthe

foregoingpowers,andallotherpowersvestedbythisConstitutioninthegovernmentofthe

UnitedStates,orinanydepartmentorofficerthereof.

rationorimportationofsuchpersonsasanyofthestatesnowexisting

shallthinkpropertoadmit,shallnotbeprohibitedbytheCongresspriortotheyearone

thousandeighthundredandeight,butataxordutymaybeimpodonsuchimportation,not

exceedingtendollarsforeachperson.

Theprivilegeofthewritofhabeascorpusshallnotbesuspended,unlesswhenincasof

rebellionorinvasionthepublicsafetymayrequir英语骂人的句子 eit.

NobillofattainderorexpostfactoLawshallbepasd.

Nocapitation,orotherdirect,taxshallbelaid,unlessinproportiontothecensusor

enumerationhereinbeforedirectedtobetaken.

Notaxordutyshallbelaidonarticlexportedfromanystate.

Nopreferenceshallbegivenbyanyregulationofcommerceorrevenuetotheportsofone

stateoverthoofanother:norshallveslsboundto,orfrom,onestate,beobligedtoenter,

clearorpaydutiesinanother.

;.

..

Nomoneyshallbedrawnfromthetreasury,butinconquenceofappropriationsmadeby

law；andaregularstatementandaccountofreceiptsandexpendituresofallpublicmoneyshall

bepublishedfromtimetotime.

NotitleofnobilityshallbegrantedbytheUnitedStates:andnopersonholdinganyoffice

ofprofitortrustunderthem,shall,withouttheconntoftheCongress,acceptofanyprent,

emolument,office,ortitle,ofanykindwhatever,fromanyking,prince,orforeignstate.

eshallenterintoanytreaty,alliance,orconfederation；grantlettersof

marqueandreprisal；coinmoney；emitbillsofcredit；makeanythingbutgoldandsilvercoin

atenderinpaymentofdebts；passanybillofattainder,expostfactolaw,orlawimpairingthe

obligationofcontracts,orgrantanytitleofnobility.

Nostateshall,withouttheconntoftheCongress,layanyimpostsordutiesonimportsor

exports,exceptwhatmaybeabsolutelynecessaryforexecutingitsinspectionlaws:andthenet

produceofalldutiesandimposts,laidbyanystateonimportsorexports,shallbefortheuof

thetreasuryoftheUnitedStates；andallsuchlawsshallbesubjecttotherevisionandcontrol

oftheCongress.

Nostateshall,withouttheconntofCongress,layanydutyoftonnage,keeptroops,or

shipsofwarintimeofpeace,enterintoanyagreementorcompactwithanotherstate,orwitha

foreignpower,orengageinwar,unlessactuallyinvaded,orinsuchimminentdangeraswillnot

admitofdelay.

ArticleII

cutivepowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesof

lholdhisofficeduringthetermoffouryears,and,togetherwiththeVice

President,chonforthesameterm,beelected,asfollows:

Eachstateshallappoint,insuchmannerastheLegislaturethereofmaydirect,anumberof

electors,equaltothewholenumberofSenatorsandReprentativestowhichtheStatemaybe

entitledintheCongress:butnoSenatororReprentative,orpersonholdinganofficeoftrustor

profitundertheUnitedStates,shallbeappointedanelector.

Theelectorsshallmeetintheirrespectivestates,andvotebyballotfortwopersons,of

wyshall

makealistofallthepersonsvotedfor,andofthenumberofvotesforeach；whichlistthey

shallsignandcertify,andtransmitaledtotheatofthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates,

sidentoftheSenateshall,intheprenceofthe

SenateandHouofReprentatives,openallthecertificates,sonhavingthegreatestnumberofvotesshallbethePresident,ifsuchnumber

;.

..

beamajorityofthewholenumberofelectorsappointed；andift西晋皇帝 herebemorethanonewho

havesuchmajority,andhaveanequalnumberofvotes,thentheHouofReprentativesshall

immediatelychoobyballotoneofthemforPresident；andifnopersonhaveamajority,then

fromthefive

choosingthePresident,thevotesshallbet梦见蝙蝠 akenbyStates,thereprentationfromeachstate

havingonevote；Aquorumforthispurposhallconsistofamemberormembersfromtwo

thirdsofthestates,yca,

afterthechoiceofthePresident,thepersonhavingthegreatestnumberofvotesoftheelectors

hereshouldremaintwoormorewhohaveequalvotes,the

SenateshallchoofromthembyballottheVicePresident.

TheCongressmaydeterminethetimeofchoosingtheelectors,andthedayonwhichthey

shallgivetheirvotes；whichdayshallbethesamethroughouttheUnitedStates.

Nopersonexceptanaturalborncitizen,oracitizenoftheUnitedStates,atthetimeofthe

adoptionofthisConstitution,shallbeeligibletotheofficeofPresident；neithershallany

personbeeligibletothatofficewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheageofthirtyfiveyears,and

beenfourteenYearsaresidentwithintheUnitedStates.

IncaoftheremovalofthePresidentfromoffice,orofhisdeath,resignation,orinability

todischargethepowersanddutiesofthesaidoffice,thesameshalldevolveontheVice

President,andtheCongressmaybylawprovideforthecaofremoval,death,resignationor

inability,bothofthePresidentandVicePresident,declaringwhatofficershallthenactas

President,andsuchofficershallactaccordingly,untilthedisabilityberemoved,oraPresident

shallbeelected.

ThePresidentshall,atstatedtimes,receiveforhisrvices,acompensation,whichshall

neitherbeincreadnordiminisheddurin家作文 gtheperiodforwhichheshallhavebeenelected,and

heshallnotreceivewithinthatperiodanyotheremolumentfromtheUnitedStates,oranyof

them.

Beforeheenterontheexecutionofhisoffice,heshalltakethefollowingoathor

affirmation:--"Idosolemnlyswear(oraffirm)thatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheofficeof

PresidentoftheUnitedStates,andwilltothebestofmyability,prerve,protectanddefendthe

ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates."

sidentshallbecommanderinchiefoftheArmyandNavyoftheUnited

States,andofthemilitiaoftheveralstates,whencalledintotheactualrviceoftheUnited

States；hemayrequiretheopinion,inwriting,oftheprincipalofficerineachoftheexecutivedepartments,uponanysubjectrelatingtothedutiesoftheirrespectiveoffices,andheshallhave

;.

..

powertograntreprievesandpardonsforoffensagainsttheUnitedStates,exceptincasof

impeachment.

Heshallhavepower,byandwiththeadviceandconntoftheSenate,tomaketreaties,

providedtwothirdsoftheSenatorsprentconcur；andheshallnominate,andbyandwiththe

adviceandconntoftheSenate,shallappointambassadors,otherpublicministersandconsuls,

judgesoftheSupremeCourt,andallotherofficersoftheUnitedStates,whoappointmentsare

nothereinotherwiprovidedfor,andwhichshallbeestablishedbylaw:buttheCongressmay

bylawvesttheappointmentofsuchinferiorofficers,astheythinkproper,inthePresidentalone,

inthecourtsoflaw,orintheheadsofdepartments.

ThePresidentshallhavepowertofillupallvacanciesthatmayhappenduringtherecessof

theSenate,bygrantingcommissionswhichshallexpireattheendoftheirnextssion.

lfromtimetotimegivetotheCongressinformationofthestateofthe

union,andrecommendtotheirconsiderationsuchmeasuresasheshalljudgenecessaryand

expedient；hemay,onextraordinaryoccasions,convenebothHous,oreitherofthem,andin

caofdisagreementbetweenthem,withrespecttothetimeofadjournment,hemayadjourn

themtosuchtimeasheshallthinkproper；heshallreceiveambassadorsandotherpublic

ministers；heshalltakecarethatthelawsbefaithfullyexecuted,andshallcommissionallthe

officersoftheUnitedStates.

sident,VicePresidentandallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,shallbe

removedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhigh

crimesandmisdemeanors.

ArticleIII

icialpoweroftheUnitedStates,shallbevestedinoneSupremeCourt,

andinsuc

judges,bothofthesupremeandinferiorcourts,shallholdtheirofficesduringgoodbehaviour,

andshall,atstatedtimes,receivefortheirrvices,acompensation,whichshallnotbe

diminishedduringtheircontinuanceinoffice.

icialpowershallextendtoallcas,inlawandequity,arisingunderthis

Constitution,thelawsoftheUnitedStates,andtreatiesmade,orwhichshallbemade,under

theirauthority；--toallcasaffectingambassadors,otherpublicministersandconsuls；--toall

casofadmiraltyandmaritimejurisdiction；--tocontroversiestowhichtheUnitedStatesshall

beaparty；--tocontroversiesbetweentwoormorestates；--betweenastateandcitizensof

anotherstate；--betweencitizensofdifferentstates；--betweencitizensofthesamestateclaiminglandsundergrantsofdifferentstates,andbetweenastate,orthecitizensthereof,andforeign

;.

..

states,citizensorsubjects.

Inallcasaffectingambassadors,otherpublicministersandconsuls,andthoinwhicha

stateshallbeparty,heothercas

beforementioned,theSupremeCourtshallhaveappellatejurisdiction,bothastolawandfact,

withsuchexceptions,andundersuchregulationsastheCongressshallmake.

Thetrialofallcrimes,exceptincasofimpeachment,shallbebyjury；andsuchtrial

shallbeheldinthestatewherethesaidcrimesshallhavebeencommitted；butwhennot

committedwithinanystate,thetrialshallbeatsuchplaceorplacesastheCongressmaybylaw

havedirected.

nagainsttheUnitedStates,shallconsistonlyinlevyingwaragainstthem,

orinadheringtotheirenemies,onshallbeconvictedof

treasonunlessonthetestimonyoftwowitnesstothesameovertact,oronconfessioninopen

court.

TheCongressshallhavepowertodeclarethepunishmentoftreason,butnoattainderof

treasonshallworkcorruptionofblood,orforfeitureexceptduringthelifeofthepersonattainted.

ArticleIV

ithandcreditshallbegivenineachstatetothepublicacts,records,and

Congressmaybygenerallawsprescribethe

mannerinwhichsuchacts,records,andproceedingsshallbeproved,andtheeffectthereof.

izensofeachstateshallbeentitledtoallprivilegesandimmunit作文《我的烦恼》 iesof

citizensintheveralstates.

Apersonchargedinanystatewithtreason,felony,orothercrime,whoshallfleefrom

justice,andbefoundinanotherstate,shallondemandoftheexecutiveauthorityofthestate

fromwhichhefled,bedeliveredup,toberemovedtothestatehavingjurisdictionofthecrime.

Nopersonheldtorviceorlaborinonestate,underthelawsthereof,escapinginto

another,shall,inconquenceofanylaworregulationtherein,bedischargedfromsuchrvice

orlabor,butshallbedelivereduponclaimofthepartytowhomsuchrviceorlabormaybe

due.

tesmaybeadmittedbytheCongressintothisunion；butnonewstates

shallbeformedorerectedwithinthejurisdictionofanyotherstate；noranystatebeformedby

thejunctionoftwoormorestates,orpartsofstates,withouttheconntofthelegislaturesof

thestatesconcernedaswellasoftheCongress.

TheCongressshallhavepowertodispoofandmakeallneedfulrulesandregulations

respectingtheterritoryorotherproper输入法切换不出来 tybelongingtotheUnitedStates；andnothinginthis

;.

..

ConstitutionshallbesoconstruedastoprejudiceanyclaimsoftheUnitedStates,orofany

particularstate.

tedStatesshallguaranteetoeverystateinthisunionarepublicanform

ofgovernment,andshallprotecteachofthemagainstinvasion；andonapplicationofthe

legislature,oroftheexecutive(whenthelegislaturecannotbeconvened)againstdomestic

violence.

ArticleV

TheCongress,whenevertwothirdsofbothhousshalldeemitnecessary,shallpropo

amendmentstothisConstitution,or,ontheapplicationofthelegislaturesoftwothirdsofthe

veralstates,shallcallaconventionforproposingamendments,which,ineitherca,shallbe

validtoallintentsandpurpos,aspartofthisConstitution,whenratifiedbythelegislaturesof

threefourthsoftheveralstates,orbyconventionsinthreefourthsthereof,astheoneorthe

othermodeofratificationmaybepropodbytheCongress；providedthatnoamendment

whichmaybemadepriortotheyearonethousandeighthundredandeightshallinanymanner

affectthefirstandfourthclausintheninthctionofthefirstarticle；andthatnostate,

withoutitsconnt,shallbedeprivedofitqualsuffrageintheSenate.

ArticleVI

Alldebtscontracte异地取款手续费 dandengagementnteredinto,beforetheadoptionofthisConstitution,

shallbeasvalidagainsttheUnitedStatesunderthisConstitution,asundertheConfederation.

ThisConstitution,andthelawsoftheUnitedStateswhichshallbemadeinpursuance

thereof；andalltreatiesmade,orwhichshallbemade,undertheauthorityoftheUnitedStates,

shallbethesupremelawoftheland；andthejudgesineverystateshallbeboundthereby,

anythingintheConstitutionorlawsofanyStatetothecontrarynotwithstanding.

TheSenatorsandReprentativesbeforementioned,andthemembersoftheveralstate

legislatures,andallexecutiveandjudicialofficers,bothoftheUnitedStatesandoftheveral

states,shallbeboundbyoathoraffirmation,tosupportthisConstitution；butnoreligioustest

shalleverberequiredasaqualificationtoanyofficeorpublictrustundertheUnitedStates.

ArticleVII

Theratificationoftheconventionsofninestates,shallbesufficientfortheestablishmentof

thisConstitutionbetweenthestatessoratifyingthesame.

Doneinconventionbytheunanimousconntofthestatesprenttheventeenthdayof

SeptemberintheyearofourLordonethousandvenhundredandeightyvenandofthe

esswhereofWehavehereunto

subscribedourNames,

;.

..

utyfromVirginia

NewHampshire:JohnLangdon,NicholasGilman

Massachutts:NathanielGorham,RufusKing

Connecticut:Wm:n,RogerSherman

NewYork:AlexanderHamilton

NewJery:Wil:Livingston,DavidBrearly,on,Jona:Dayton

Pennsylvania:in,ThomasMifflin,,,mons,

JaredIngersoll,JamesWilson,GouvMorris

Delaware:Geo:Read,GunningBedfordjun,JohnDickinson,RichardBastt,Jaco:

Broom

Maryland:JamesMcHenry,r,DanlCarroll

Virginia:JohnBlair,JamesMadisonJr.

NorthCarolina:,paight,HuWilliamson

SouthCarolina:ge,CharlesCotesworthPinckney,CharlesPinckney,PierceButler

Georgia:WilliamFew,AbrBaldwin

;.