现在完成时语法

现在完成时语法

现在完成时的基本句型：

肯定式：主语+ 助动词 have/has + 动词的过去分词.

疑问式：助动词 Have/Has + 主语+ 动词的过去分词?

否定式 :主语+ 助动词 have/has + not + 动词的过去分词.

例句：

1.I have cleaned my room. 我已打扫了房间。

hasn ’ t finishedhis homework. 他还没完成作业。

you read this novel ? 你看过这本小说吗？

Yes , I have. 是的，看过了。No, I haven’不，t.没看过。

have studied English for two years.

我们已经学了两年英语了。

haven ’ t e nach other since 1998.

自从 1998 年他们就没再见过面。

现在完成时的主要用法

1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

-- It’s so dark.

--Someone has turned off the light.

(有人刚把灯关了,对现在造成的结果是:现在很黑 )

--Are you free?

--I have finished my homework. I am free

(我已经完成了家庭作业,对现在造成的结果是很有空)

2.表示过去已经开始, 持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去

某一

时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用.表示持续动作或状态的词

应是

延续性动词 .常与since + 过去的时间点，since+谓语是一般过去

时的从句；for + 一段时间， so far 等时间状语连用。如：

I have learnt English for more than ten years. 我已经学了 10

多年的英语。(从 10 年前开始 ,持续到现在还在学 )

She has swum since half an hour ago.我已经游泳了半个小时

(半个小时前已经开始游泳,到现在还在游)

3.表示人曾有过或到目前为止从未有过的经历.

I have ever been to the Summer Palace?(我曾去过颐和园)

I have never had a car.(我从未有过汽车。)

现在完成时的时间状语

常与① already, ② never,③ ever,④ just（刚才）,⑤

yet,⑥before,

⑦ up to now, ⑧ so far（到目前为止） , ⑨ for the last few

weeks, ⑩ the

days, ⑾ since 2010/ two years ago, since he came here, ⑿

for a long time

(13) in the last/ past? years 等连用。

a）already 往往用于肯定句，用在疑问句时表示强调或加强语气；

yet 用于否定句和疑问句。 eg:

He has already left here. 他已经离开这里了。

Has he already left here?

他（真的）已经离开这里了吗？（表示加强语气）

My teach ers haven ’ t had breakfast yet我的.老师们还没有

吃早饭。

Have you written to your parents yet? 你已经给你父母写过信

了吗？

b） never 是否定词，表示“从来没有”，而ever表示“曾经”

We have never been to the Great Wall. 我们从来没有去过长城。

Have you ever been to Canada?你们曾经去过加拿大吗？

c） just 表示“刚刚”（用于完成时态时，与 already ，never 等

副词的位置一样，多用在助动词 have/has 和动词过去分词之

间） ,just now(用于

过去时 )

He has just come back. 他刚刚回来。

They have just finished the work. 他们刚刚完成那项工作。

d） before 用于完成时，而ago 用于过去时

- 1 -

He has started his work ten years before.

他十年前就已经开始他的工作了。

He started his work ten years ago. 他是十年前开始他的工作的。

常用于现在完成时的时间副词,介词 :

already (已经 ): 用于肯定句I have already posted the letter .

yet(已经 ): 用于否定句 ,疑问句He hasn ’ t done his homework

yet.

just( 刚刚 ) They have just left.

ever(曾经 ) Have you ever been to Beijing ?

never(从不 ) I have never en him .

before(以前 ) Have you en the film before?

since(自从?以来 ) I’ ve worked in the school since 1999.

for( 长达 ) He ’ s lived in Shenzhen for 6 years.

in the past veral days / weeks/ years(在过去的?)

recently( 最近 ) I have not written to my parents recently.

so far(到目前为止 )So far she has learned 5 English songs.

up to now( 到目前为止 )

this morning/month/year( 今天早上 /这个月 /今年 )

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

I lived there 2 years ago

I have lived here for two years

I have lived here since two years ago.

I have lived here since I came here.

1.都表示过去发生的事

2.现在完成时强调过去和现在的联系，不能和具体的时间状语连

用；

3.一般过去时强调过去发生的事或状态与表示过去的具体时间连

用（last, ago, yesterday, etc. ）

当有一个表示过去某时的状语时，不能用现在完成时，而多用一

般过去时。

I saw Mary an hour ago.

She lost her handbag yesterday .

有些时间状语，既能用于现在完成时，又能用于一般过去时，但

意义上有差别。

I ’ ve written three letters this morning.（说话时仍是上午）

I wrote three letters this morning.（说话时仍是上午或晚上）

现在完成时强调动作或事情发生在过去，一直延续到现在，而且

还有可能继续延续下去；而一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或事

情。

I have taught this class for ten years.（还在教）

I taught this class for two years. （曾教过两年，现在不教了）

一般过去时态和现在完成时态同义转换

1.我们买这本书三年了.

We have had the book for three years.

We bought the book three years ago.

2.他感冒三天了 .

He has had a cold for three days.

He caught a cold three days ago.

3.我借的这本书一周多了.

I have kept the book for a week .

Mr Black has been dead for three years.

Mr Black died three years ago.

重点句型 :

It is/ has been+段时间 +since 从句段时间 +has pasd+ since

从

句eg. 他去世了两年了：

He died two years ago.

He has been dead for two years /since two years ago

It is/ has been two years since he died.

Two years has pasd since he died.

注 : 现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语如：yesterday, last

year, in 1980,three days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用

Pay attention 注意不能是具体过去时间

1.现在完成时句中常见的时间状语

A.表示从过去一直持续到现在,不能是具体过去时间

,already,yet,before/ ever,never 有此类副词时,常强调动作

完成,不强调动作的持续.

you ever been to Japan?

I have just finished my homework.

I have finished my homework already.

I haven ’ t finished my homeworkyet

2.区分短暂性动词与持续性动词.

英语的行为动词大体可以分为两大类型：一是延续性的动词，二

是短暂性动词。延续行动词是指那些动作意义不会一下完成，而

是可以

延续、发展的动词。如：work,read,write,study 等 ,短暂性动词

是指那些

动作一次完成，不能延续的动词。如： come, go, buy, die,

borrow,begin 等。表示短暂性 (瞬间性 )的动词在现在完成时的句中不

能和一段时间连

用.即 for,since短语或 how long 问句

I have bought this pen for two months.（错）

I have had this pen for two months.（正确）

How long have you had this pen.?(正确 )The play has begun

for an hour.（错）

The play has been on for an hour.（正确）

结束性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是他可以转换

成相应的延续性动词.

1.直接用延续性动词

buy–have catch(get) a cold –have a cold borrow— keep

come/go /become— be put on-- wear

2.转换成 be+名词

join the army –be a soldier join the Party –be a Party member

go to school–be a student

3 转换成 be+形容词或副词

die— be dead finish –be over begin— be on open— be open

leave— be away (from ?)fall sleep –be asleep clo –be clod 4.

转换成be+介词短语

go to school–be in school join the army –be in the army

但在否定句中，短暂性动词可以与时间段连用。

如： I haven’t bought the bike for a year. 我买这辆自行车还

不到一年。

She hasn ’ t come here for an hour她.来这儿还没有一个小时。

have been 与 have gone 的用法比较

have been to 意思是“到过 ,去过”，表示曾经到过某处，但现

在人不在那儿。

have gone to 意思是“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能

在去的途

中或已在那儿了。

have been in/at 意思是“呆在某处一段时间了”Has

she ever been to Nanjing? 她曾去过南京吗？

You have never been there, have you?你以前从未去过那儿，

是吗？

I have been to Guiling ,I went there last year.我去过桂林，我

去年去的。She has gone to Nanjing.她已经去南京了。

I have been in Gaohe for four years.我呆在高河四年了。

与一般过去时的用法比较

一 .现在完成时和一般过去时都是说过去的事情，但现在完成时注

意的不是事情本身，而是强调事情与现在保持的某种密切联系（如现

在的结果，影响 ,一直延续到现在等） ;而一般过去时，则只讲述发生

在过去的动作

和事情与现在没有关系。

eg： He has bought an English-Chine dictionary.

他已经买了一本英汉字典。

He bought an English-Chine dictionary.他曾买过一本英汉字

典。

第一句用现在完成时时态，想表达意为：“He bought an

English-Chine dictionary. And he still has it过去他”买了“一本

英汉字典，现在他还有这本字典”。

第二句用过去时只叙述过去他买过一本英汉字典这一事实，至于

现在他

是否有这本字典并未强调说明。

二．当有一个表示过去某一特定时间的状语时，不用现在完成时，

而用

一般过去时 :

eg: I saw the film on television yesterday .

但since(自?以来 )+某一过去时间或叙述过去事情的从句总是与现

在

完成时连用。

eg： They have known each other since 1950

Since he was a child ,he has lived in England.

三．常与一般过去时连用的典型的表示过去时间的状语:

yesterday(昨天 ),the day before yesterday(前天 ),

just now(刚才 )，时间+ ago,when,last +时间等;

eg: The plane took off ten minutes ago.

We finished our task last week .

.