现在完成时和被动语态

现在完成时

1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开

始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.时间状语：recently, lately, since„for„,in the past few years, etc.

3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.

5.一般疑问句：have或has提前

对于初接触现在完成时的人来说，往往会产生一种茫然，因为它似乎与一般过去

时相似。那就是，这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。其实不然，现在完成时主

要表示，发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续；侧重于这个动

作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是

表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别，就很容易理解现在完成时了。

它主要适用于下面的几种情况：

1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作

By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我

所需的全部资料。

She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。

2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作

Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？

3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续

It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。

1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思，以及它所处的语

言环境。例如：

He speaks English .（一般现在时，说明动作发生的经常性。）

He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .（一般过去时，说明动作发生

的时间。）

He is speaking English.（现在进行时，说明动作正在进行。）

He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.（现在完成时，

这里说明动作的总和。）

He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. （现在完成进行时，

强调动作的连续性。）

2）在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的谓语

动词是一般将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时；

如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时

来表示过去将来时。

例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.

I would not play tennis if it rained the next day.

3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作，它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动

词常见的有：be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know ,

like , love , notice , prefer , remember , e , em , smell , suggest , taste ,

understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。

Be动词若是用于进行时态，可表示暂时、短暂的情况或表现。例如：

Tom is being a good boy today .汤姆今天很乖。

He is being childish .他这样做是耍孩子气。

You are not being modest .你这样说不太谦虚。

4）关于现在完成时的时间状语问题

A. 凡是"完成时态"都表示，不知道也不管动作发生的具体时间, 所以在使用

现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，如：yesterday , last

week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等；但常和有些副词连用，如：

just , before , already , often , never , ever , not„yet , always等等。

B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现

在完成时的句子里，因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间，属于表示具体过去

时间的状语。但是可以用before 来表示"以前"的意义，因为它只表示"以前"，而

不知什么时候的以前。

C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子，不可以和以for表示

的"一段时间"的状语连用。在这种情况下，应该用"It has been „ ；since„"的句

式来表达。如：

He has joined the army for five years. （错误）

It has been five years since he joined the army.（正确）

能与现在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，

但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：

(1) since(自从)：不管用作介词、连词还是副词, 句子(主句)谓语通常都用现

在完成时：I haven’t en her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。

Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?

【注】有时可用其他时态的情况，但须注意：

① 对于某些表示状态的动词(如 em 等)，或因语义等方面的原因，有时

可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适：

It ems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。

Since when does the $42 plus $5 rvice charge come to $48? 从什么什候开始

42元加5元的服务费等于48元了?

② 若不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的

过去，则用过去完成时：

Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉

我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)

(2) so far(到目前为止)：

So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。

We haven’t had any trouble so far. 到目前为止，我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。

(3) in [for, during] the past [last] „ years(在过去„年中)：

In the past two years I’ve en him little. 过去两年我很少见到他。

I have been here (for) the last [past] month. 最近一个月里我都在这儿。

【注】在一定的上下文里，若是以过去时间为起点，也可用过去完成时。

现在完成时练习

一、单项选择

1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they _________what's happened to him .

Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know

2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?

Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still

3、Have you met Mr Li ______？

Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago

4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year

-Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good

Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better

Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying

7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

Ａ. will e Ｂ. have en Ｃ. saw Ｄ.e

9、-The farmers have been to the United States .

-Really ? When _____ there ?

Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go

Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone

10、-______ you ___ your homework yet ?

-Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished

Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish

11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in

12、-Do you know him well ?

- Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made

13、-How long have you ____ here ?

-About two months .

Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived

14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been onＤ. began

15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .

Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was

16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .

Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been

17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .

Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to

Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been

Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written

5、-Our country ______ a lot so far .

6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study

Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew

8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .

18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?

A. so they B. don't they C. have they D. haven't they

19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?

A. How soon, comes B. How often, got

C. How long, came D. How far, arrived

20、 His uncle for more than 9 years.

A. has come here B. has started to work

C. has lived there D. has left the university

二、汉译英

4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。

5、 她去过上海。

6、 他这些天上哪儿去了？

被动语态

(一) 语态分类：英语动词分主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被

动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

Tom(执)cleans(谓动) the room(承) every day. (主动)

The room(承) is cleaned(谓动) by Tom(执) every day. (被动)

被动语态结构：助动词be + 动词的过去分词done，即be done 常译为“被”、“给”“由”、

“受”等词用来表示被动关系。

(二) 被动语态的用法

(1) 动作的执行者很明显。这时往往不用by 短语。

Reading skills are taught in our lessons.

(2)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

Some new computers were stolen last night.

(3) 突出或强调动作的承受者。如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。

The window was broken by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的

三,被动语态的时态变化：通过助动词be的各种时态变化来体现，done不变。注意主语的单、

复数变化。

以do为例，掌握下列时态的被动结构，形式变化如下：

1．一般现在时am / is / are + done

2．一般过去时：was / were + done

3．一般将来时：shall / will + be done am/is/are going to be done

4．现在完成时：have / has + been + done

5．情态动词：can/may/must/should/have to be done

以下时态的被动语态作一般了解：

现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done

过去进行时：was / were + being + done

过去完成时：had + been + done

过去将来时：should / would + be done

(四) 主动语态变被动语态的方法

My aunt invited me to her dinner party.

I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.

(五) 语态转换时所注意的问题

1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，先找原主动句中的动宾短语，其谓语动词的时态要与原句

时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。

We have bought a new computer.

A new computer has been bought. 正确

A new computer have been bought. 错误

2. 只有动宾结构才有被动语态。下列情况的主动句不能改为被动句：

第一，感官连系动词无被动意义，如：feel, look, em, taste, sound, smell等。

(1)—Do you like the material?

—Yes, it feels very soft.

误：It is felt very soft.

(2)The food tastes delicious.

误：The food is tasted delicious.

(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.

误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.

第二，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, come out, come

true等。如：

The accident took place last night.

误：The accident was taken place last night..

第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：ri, happen, succeed, lie等。

The sun has already rin.

误：The sun has already been rin.

第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变

为被动句子的主语，如：

I taught mylf English.

误：Mylf was taught English.

3. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：据说„„

It is said that 据报导„„It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 众所周知„„It is well

known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.

一、用动词的正确语态填空。

h _________(speak) the most widely in the world.

2.A Piano concert _____________(give) here last Friday.

town ___________(call) Rugao.

bles, eggs and fruits_________ (ll) in this shop.

room _____________ (clean) by Mum already. You dont need to clean it.

sports meeting ________________ (hold) in a week.

is happy that his dream _______________(come) true.

cinema _______________ (build) in 1985.

二、把下列句子改写成被动语态

make machines in that factory. __________________________________

body likes this song. __________________________________

doesn't show the stamps to me. __________________________________

don't grow rice in the west of Japan._____________________________

often helps Tom when Tom is in trouble._______________________________

the workers build many buildings? __________________________________

Kate sometimes break glass? __________________________________

三.选择题

1. Great changes ______ in China.

A. are happened B. was happened C. has happened D. have happened

3. The Great Wall ______ all over the world.

A. knows B. knew C. is known D. was known

4. Who ______ this book ______?

A. did; written B. was; written by C. did; written D. was; written

5. A story ______ by Granny yesterday.

A. was told us B. was told to us C. is told us D. told us

monkey was en _____ off the tree.

A. jump B. jumps C. jumped D. to jump

7. The school bag ______ behind the chair.

A. puts B. can be put C. be put D. can put

8. Older people ______ well.

A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after

9. Do you know what____?

A. it calls B. does it call C. it is called D. is it called

10. This old machine ______ the room wet.

A. ud to keep B. ud to keepingC. was ud to keeping D. was ud to keep

can go out if your homework ______.

12. If he ______ enough time, he will come up with an idea.

A. gives B. will give C. is given D. will be given

13. If small trees ______, they will grow up quickly.

A. take good care of B. take good care C. are taken good care of D. are taken good care

14. The books ______. So many people are interested in them

A. are sold well B. ll well C. ll good D. ll badly

五、下列各句均有一处错误，请找出并改正过来。

①I have a lot of homework to be done tonight

②Is your history teacher listened carefully in class？

③Lei Feng's name remembered by all Chine people．

④The music is sounded beautiful.

⑤By who was this new educational CD-ROM designed ?