<788> PARTICULATE MATTER IN INJECTIONS
This general chapter is harmonized with the corresponding texts of the European Pharmacopoeia and/or the Japane Pharmacopoeia. The pharmacopeias have undertaken not to make any unilateral change to this harmonized chapter.
Portions of the prent general chapter text that are national USP text, and therefore not
part of the harmonized text, are marked with symbols () to specify this fact.
Particulate matter in injections and parenteral infusions consists of mobile undissolved particles, other than gas bubbles, unintentionally prent in the solutions.
For the determination of particulate matter, two procedures, Method 1 (Light Obscuration Particle Count Test) and Method 2 (Microscopic Particle Count Test), are specified hereinafter. When examining injections and parenteral infusions for sub-visible particles Method 1 is preferably applied. However, it may be necessary to test some preparations by the light obscuration particle count test followed by the microscopic particle count test to reach a conclusion on conformance to the requirements.
Not all parenteral preparations can be examined for sub-visible particles by one or both of the methods. When Method 1 is not applicable, e.g. in ca of preparations having reduced clarity or incread viscosity, the test should be carried out according to Method 2. Emulsions, colloids, and liposomal preparations are examples. Similarly, products that produce air or gas bubbles when drawn into the nsor may also require microscopic particle count testing. If the viscosity of the preparation to be tested is sufficiently high so as to preclude its examination by either test method, a quantitative dilution with an appropriate diluent may be made to decrea viscosity, as necessary, to allow the analysis to be performed.
The results obtained in examining a discrete unit or group of units for particulate matter cannot be extrapolated with certainty to other units that remain untested. Thus, statistically sound sampling plans must be developed if valid inferences are to be drawn from obrved data to characterize the level of particulate matter in a large group of units.
METHOD 1. LIGHT OBSCURATION PARTICLE COUNT TEST
U a suitable apparatus bad on the principle of light blockage which allows an automatic determination of the size of particles and the number of particles according to size. The definition for
particle-free water is provided in Reagent Specifications under Reagents, Indicators and Solution ction.
The apparatus is calibrated using dispersions of spherical particles of known sizes between 10 µm and 25 µm. The standard particles are disperd in particle-free water.
Care must be taken to avoid aggregation of particles during dispersion. System suitability can be verified by using the USP Particle Count RS (<11>).西汉十二帝
General precautions
The test is carried out under conditions limiting particulate matter, preferably in a laminar-flow cabinet.
如何谈恋爱Very carefully wash the glassware and filtration equipment ud, except for the membrane filters, with a warm detergent solution and rin with abundant amounts of water to remove all traces of detergent. Immediately before u, rin the equipment from top to bottom, outside and then inside, with particle-free water.
Take care not to introduce air bubbles into the preparation to be examined, especially when fractions
of the preparation are being transferred to the container in which the determination is to be carried out.
In order to check that the environment is suitable for the test, that the glassware is properly cleaned and that the water to be ud is particle-free, the following test is carried out: determine the particulate matter in 5 samples of particle-free water, each of 5 ml, according to the method described below. If the number of particles of 10 µm or greater size exceeds 25 for the combined 25 ml, the precautions taken for the test are not sufficient. The preparatory steps must be repeated until the environment, glassware and water are suitable for the test.
Method
Mix the contents of the sample by slowly inverting the container 20 times successively. If necessary, cautiously remove the aling closure. Clean the outer surfaces of the container opening using a jet of particle-free water and remove the closure, avoiding any contamination of the contents. Eliminate gas bubbles by appropriate measures such as allowing to stand for 2 min or sonicating.
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For large-volume parenterals, single units are tested. For small-volume parenterals less than 25 ml in volume, the contents of 10 or more units is combined in a cleaned container to obtain a volume of
not less than 25 ml; the test solution may be prepared by mixing the contents of a suitable number of vials and diluting to 25 ml with particle-free water or with an appropriate particle-free solvent when particle-free water is not suitable. Small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 ml or more may be tested individually. Powders for parenteral u are reconstituted with particle-free water or with an appropriate particle-free solvent when particle-free water is not suitable.
The number of test specimens must be adequate to provide a statistically sound
asssment. For large-volume parenterals or for small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 ml or more, fewer than 10 units may be tested, bad on an appropriate sampling plan.
Remove four portions, each of not less than 5 ml, and count the number of particles equal to or greater than 10 µm and 25 µm. Disregard the result obtained for the first portion, and calculate the mean number of particles for the preparation to be examined.
Evaluation
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of more than 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 1.A.
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of less than 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 1.B.
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 1.B [Note: Test 1.A is ud in the Japane Pharmacopoeia]
If the average number of particles exceeds the limits, test the preparation by the Microscopic Particle Count Test.吞吞吐吐的近义词
高中语文必修1Test 1.A — Solutions for parenteral infusion or solutions for injection supplied in containers with a nominal content of more than 100 mL.
The preparation complies with the test if the average number of particles prent in the units tested does not exceed 25 per mL equal to or greater than 10 µm and does not exceed 3 per mL equal to or greater than 25 µm.
Test 1.B — Solutions for parenteral infusion or solutions for injection supplied in containers with a nominal content of less than 100 ml.
The preparation complies with the test if the average number of particles prent in the units tested
does not exceed 6000 per container equal to or greater than 10 µm and does not exceed 600 per container equal to or greater than 25 µm.
METHOD 2. MICROSCOPIC PARTICLE COUNT TEST
U a suitable binocular microscope, filter asmbly for retaining particulate matter and membrane filter for examination.
The microscope is equipped with an ocular micrometer calibrated with an objective micrometer, a mechanical stage capable of holding and traversing the entire filtration area of the membrane filter, two suitable illuminators to provide episcopic illumination in addition to oblique illumination, and is adjusted to 100 ± 10 magnifications.
The ocular micrometer is a circular diameter graticule (e Figure 1) and consists of a large circle divided by crosshairs into quadrants, transparent and black reference circles 10 µm and 25 µm in diameter at 100 magnifications, and a linear scale graduated in 10 µm increments. It is calibrated using a stage micrometer that is certified by either a domestic or international standard institution. A relative error of the linear scale of the graticule within ± 2 per cent is acceptable. The large circle is designated the graticule field of view (GFOV).
Two illuminators are required. One is an episcopic brightfield illuminator internal to the microscope, the other is an external, focusable auxiliary illuminator adjustable to give reflected oblique illumination at an angle of 10° to 20°.
The filter asmbly for retaining particulate matter consists of a filter holder made of glass or other suitable material, and is equipped with a vacuum source and a suitable membrane filter.
The membrane filter is of suitable size, black or dark gray in color, non-gridded or gridded, and 1.0 µm or finer in nominal pore size.
General precautions
The test is carried out under conditions limiting particulate matter, preferably in a laminar-flow cabinet.
Very carefully wash the glassware and filter asmbly ud, except for the membrane filter, with a warm detergent solution and rin with abundant amounts of water to remove all traces of detergent. Immediately before u, rin both sides of the membrane filter and the equipment from top to bottom, outside and then inside, with particle-free water.
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In order to check that the environment is suitable for the test, that the glassware and the membrane filter are properly cleaned and that the water to be ud is particle-free, the following test is carried out: determine the particulate matter of a 50 ml volume of particle-free water according to the method described below. If more than 20 particles 10 µm or larger in size or if more than 5 particles 25 µm or larger in size are prent within the filtration area, the precautions taken for the test are not sufficient. The preparatory steps must be repeated until the environment, glassware, membrane filter and water are suitable for the test.
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Mix the contents of the samples by slowly inverting the container 20 times successively. If necessary, cautiously remove the aling closure. Clean the outer surfaces of the container opening using a jet of particle-free water and remove the closure, avoiding any contamination of the contents.
For large-volume parenterals, single units are tested. For small-volume parenterals less than 25 ml in volume, the contents of 10 or more units is combined in a cleaned container; where justified and authorized, the test solution may be prepared by mixing the contents of a suitable number of vials and diluting to 25 ml with particle-free water or with an appropriate particle-free solvent when particle-
free water is not suitable. Small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 ml or more may be tested individually.
Powders for parenteral u are constituted with particle-free water or with an appropriate particle-free solvent when particle-free water is not suitable.
The number of test specimens must be adequate to provide a statistically sound asssment. For large-volume parenterals or for small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 ml or more, fewer than 10 units may be tested, bad on an appropriate sampling plan.
Wet the inside of the filter holder fitted with the membrane filter with veral milliliter of particle-free water. Transfer to the filtration funnel the total volume of a solution pool or of a single unit, and apply vacuum. If needed add stepwi a portion of the solution until the entire volume is filtered. After the last addition of solution, begin rinsing the inner walls of the filter holder by using a jet of particle-free water. Maintain the vacuum until the surface of the membrane filter is free from liquid. Place the membrane filter in a Petri dish and allow the membrane filter to air-dry with the cover slightly ajar. After the membrane filter has been dried, place the Petri dish on the stage of the microscope, scan the entire membrane filter under the reflected light from the illuminating device, and count the numbe
r of particles that are equal to or greater than 10 µm and the number of particles that are equal to or greater than 25 µm. Alternatively, partial membrane filter count and determination of the total membrane filter count by calculation is allowed. Calculate the mean number of particles for the preparation to be examined.
The particle sizing process with the u of the circular diameter graticule is carried out by transforming mentally the image of each particle into a circle and then comparing it to the 10 µm and 25 µm graticule reference circles. Thereby the particles are not moved from their initial locations within the graticule field of view and are not superimpod on the reference circles for comparison. The inner diameter of the transparent graticule reference circles is ud to size white and transparent particles, while dark particles are sized by using the outer diameter of the black opaque graticule reference circles.北京市教育考试院
In performing the microscopic particle count test do not attempt to size or enumerate amorphous, mi-liquid, or otherwi morphologically indistinct materials that have the appearance of a stain or discoloration on the membrane filter. The materials show little or no surface relief and prent a gelatinous or film-like appearance. In such cas the interpretation of enumeration may be aided by testing a sample of the solution by the light obscuration particle count test.
