Artisans and Industrialization
1. 核心词汇总结
steady 稳定的，不变的
inten 强烈的，紧张的
alternate 交替，轮流
manufacturing 制造业
impart 给予， 传授
apprentice 学徒
journeyman 学徒
capitalist 资本家
give way to 让位于
credit 贷款
stimulate 刺激
shift 变化， 转变
accustomed to 习惯于
artisan 工匠
supervi 监督
finished 精湛的
elegant 高雅的
regimented 严格管制的
constant 持续的
discard 丢弃
alert 警觉的
dependable 可靠的
lf-disciplined 自律的
obedience 服从
carpenter 木匠
momentum 动力
depression 萧条
collap 衰弱改进工作作风
spearhead 带头
agitation 鼓动牛排英文
rent 愤恨
2. 长难句总结
(1) After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or miskilled laborers.
(2) Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.
(3) With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.
(4) Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked cloly with the masters supervising them, factories sharply parated workers from management.
(5) Few workers ro through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of tting up one's own business.
(6) 贺卡怎么做Workers were united in renting the industrial system and their loss of status, but the
石油大学y were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.
老人与海作者P1: introduction: ways of manufacturing before 1815 & after 1815
Before 1815 manufacturing(制造业) in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted(给予，传授) the knowledge of their trades to apprentices(学徒) and journeymen(学徒). In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists开塞露说明书(资本家). After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to(让位于) factories with machinery tended by unskilled or miskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the ri of cities, and the availability of capital and credit(贷款) all stimulated(刺激) the shift(变化，转变) to factory production.
P2: ways of manufacturing before 1815
The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to(习惯于) working in factories did not occur easily. Before the ri of the factory, artisans消防安全宣传图片(工匠) had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising(监督) their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady(稳定的，不变的) pace, but rather in bursts of inten(强烈的，紧张的) labor alternating(交替，轮流) with more leisurely time.
P3: ways of manufacturing after 1815
The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished(精湛的) or elegant (高雅的)as tho done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increa rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter n of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented(严格管制的) schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a
constant(持续的) pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard(丢弃)关于四季的诗 old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert(警觉的), dependable(可靠地), and lf-disciplined(自律的). Abnteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
P4: workers were hard to accustomed to new system
The first generation to experience the changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience(服从) to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked cloly with the masters supervising them, factories sharply parated workers from management. Few workers ro through the ranks to supervisory positions, and eve
n fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of tting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers nd their decline in status.
P5: workers organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life
In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters(木匠), printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum(动力) in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression(萧条) that followed, labor's strength collapd(衰弱). During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头)the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with miskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation(鼓动) did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but the gains had little immediate impact.
