●水管爆裂Why is productivity unique to language?
The productivity of language is the property which enables its urs to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including the novel utterances that they have never said nor heard before. This feature is unique to human language becau most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their urs can nd and receive. For example, a gibbon call system lacks productivity, for gibbons draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible; and bee dancing is ud only to indicate nectar sources, which is the only kind of message that can be nt through the dancing.
●How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinstion between competence and performance?
According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual
u. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal ur's knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. From the definitions we find that both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual u of language. Their purpo is to single out the language system for rious study.
小明发明发布●What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
The major branches of linguistics include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, mantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and applied linguistics.
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced and classified. Phonology studies how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning. Morphology studies how morphemes are combined to form words. Syntax studies how morphemes and words are combined to form ntences.脚凉怎么调理 Semantics studies meaning (in abstraction). Pragmatics studies meaning in context of u. Sociolinguistics studies language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics20年后的家乡400字 studies language with reference to the workings of the mind. Ap
plied linguistics studies the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
●Why is syntax regarded as a system of rules?
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As a major component of grammar, syntax consists of a t of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical ntences. A ntence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. If, on the other hand, a ntence violates a rule according to which words are organized, then native speakers will judge it to be an impossible ntence of that language. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules compri the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. For any natural language, it is the t of rules that makes it possible for the speakers to produce, comprehend and memorize the vast number of ntences of their native language.
●What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammer?
Traditional grammar is bad on “high” (religious, literary) written language. It is prescriptive. It ts models for language urs to follow海鲜菇的家常做法. It tells the learner what he should say, or what is suppod to be correct usage. On the other hand, modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Modern linguistics is suppod to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is suppod to describe the language people actually u, be it "correct" or not. Its investigations and analysis are bad on authentic, and mainly spoken language data.
皮皮虾要煮多久●What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme? And how are they different from each other?
Free morphemes are morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be ud freely all by themlves, such as help, table, able, etc. Bound morphemes are morphemes that cannot be ud by themlves, but must be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word, such as “-终于等到你还好我没放弃en” in “enlarge”, “dis-” in “disable”, “im-” in “impossible”.
●What do langue and parole mean respectively?
According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual u. Langue is the t of conventions and rules which language urs all have to abide by; it is abstract. Parole is the concrete u of the conventions and the application of the rules; it is concrete.
●Why is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English?
The word order in Modern English is more rigid than that in Old English. This is becau in Modern English there are no longer the elaborate morphological system ud in Old English, such as the ca marking system, to help to indicate grammatical relations. Therefore, it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns by their inflectional endings. The functional notions of subject and object have to be indicated largely by the syntactic position of nouns in a linear order, resulting in a system with stricter constraints on word order.
