1.How do you understand the influence of culture on communication?
1)Culture is everything and everywhere .Our culture supplies us with the answers to tho and countless questions about what the world looks like and how you live and communicate within this world.
2)Culture is the foundation of communication,and when cultures are diver,communication practices may be different.Countless aspects of culture help determine and guide communication behavior.
3)The world looks,sounds,tastes,and feels the way is do becau our culture has given you the criterion of perception.
2.What are the major factors that influence language communication?
The three elements that directly influence our perception and communication:
(1)cultural values.It inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad,right and wro
ng,true and fal,positive and negative,and the like.Cultural values define what is worth dying for,what is worth protecting,what frightens people,what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule,and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.Most important,cultural values guide both perception and behavior.
(2)worldview(religion).A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God,nature,life,death,the univer,and other phiosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.
(3)Social organization.The manner in which a culture arganizes itlf is directed to the institutions within that culture.The families who rai you and the governments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine how you perceive the world and how you behave within the world.
3.Discuss the differences between positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies with examples.
你在为谁工作(1)Positive politeness strategies: tho showing the cloness, intimacy, and rapport between speaker and hearer
Nagative politeness strategies: tho indicating the social distance between speaker and hearer
水花简笔画(2) Positive Politeness: is redress directed to the addre's positive face, his desire that his wants should be thought of as desirable.Redress consists in partially satisfying that desire by communicating that one's own wants are in some respects similar to the addre’s wants.The linguistic realizations of Positive Politeness are in many respects reprentative of the normal linguistic behavior between intimates.
Nagative politeness :Redressive action addresd to the addre’s negative face.Addre wants to have his freedom unhindered and his attention unimpeded.Specific and focud to minimize the particular imposition that the FTA effects.Politeness in Western cultures is always considered with negative politeness behaviour.
比方的拼音
(3)Categories of Positive Politeness:素炒平菇的做法 Claim common ground;君怎么组词
Categories of negative politeness: u indirect speech acts;question;hedge (deliberately vague expression);be pessimistic;minimize the FTA;give gifts
世界名牌手表4.Try to find examples to illustrate the positive and negative strategies ud in the Chine cultural context considering the factors of “in-group”vs.”out-group”membership in communication.
(1)Positive strategies: U in- group identity markers；Using any of the innumerable ways to convey in- group membership: address forms, language or dialect, jargon or slang and ellips.
Examples:
“Honey, can you give me the beer?”
“Hey brother, what’s going on?”非洲大象
“How about a drink?”
(2)Negative strategies: 秋风秋雨Opposing tensions: desire to give hearer an “out“ by being indirect, and the desire to go on record.Solved by the compromi of conventional indirectness, the u of phras and ntences that have contextually unambiguous meanings which are different from their literal meaning.
Examples:
“Can you plea shut the door?”
“You couldn’t possibly tell me the time, plea?”
5.What are the distinctions between performatives and constatives according to Austin?
(1)Conditions:true or fal(constative)-the constatives utterance is verifiable and it is either true or fal;felicity conditions(performative)-the performatives require not only “the appropriate circumstances.”but also the appropriate language.
(2)grammatical criterion:the performative verb is in the prent ten and each ntence has s first person subject
(3)lexical criterion:”state”(constative)
“hereby”(performative)
6.Plea explain the main distinction between the concept of utterance and the concept of ntence with examples.
(1)Utterance can succeed as an act of communication even if the speaker does not posss the attitude he is expressing
