英语语言学复习资料.(XC)
1. is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
2. is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
3. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.
4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds ud in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.
5. how sounds are put together and ud to convey meaning in communication.
6. the symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.
7. then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible ntences in languages is governed by rules. The study of the rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.
8. the study of meaning is known as mantics.
9. when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language u, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. 10. is a phonetic unit or gment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
11. is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is reprented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.
12. the different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones. 13. It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter lected from major European languages to reprent one speech sound.
14. it is a t of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions. 15. one is the transcription with letter-symbols only.
16. the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.
17. In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to the class.
18. In English , clod class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words are not usually added to them.
19. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.
20. morphemes which occurs only before other morphemes. They cannot be ud alone.
21. it is the morphemes which can be ud alone.
22. the phonemic features that occur above the level of the gments are called supragmental features.
23. it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a
涪县particular language such as a ntence ,a noun phra or a verb.
闽南人 24. Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phras.
1. Three distinct of phonetics(语音学的三个分支？)
个人简历表电子版 Articulatory phonetics发音语音学; auditory phonetics听觉语音学; acoustic phonetics声光语音学.黑老鼠
2. Main features of language(语言的主要特征？)
Language is a system. Language is arbitrary. Language is vocal. Language is human-specific.
3. Synchronic vs. diachronic(共识语言学与历史语言学的区别？)
Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical
时钟同步study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
4. Speech and writing (言语与文字的区别？)
Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its urs to record speech when the need aris. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. Written language is only the “revid” record of speech.
5. What are the branches of linguistic study?(语言学研究领域中的主要分支有哪些？)
1) sociolinguistics; 2) psycholinguistics; 3)applied linguistics and so on.
6. Traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学的区别？) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
电脑桌面壁纸可爱>杨振宁有多少钱
薪酬调查报告
Second, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word.
Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-bad framework.
7. Prescriptive vs. descriptive (语言学中描写性与规定性的特征是什么？)
Prescriptive and descriptive reprent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually u, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.
