Chapter 1 Introduction
语言学的定义：
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
问题：How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language
→It is a scientific study becau it is bad on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
What the linguist has to do “first, then, but”:
①to obrve and collect language facts and generalizations are made about them.
②to formulate some hypothes about the language structure.
③to check the hypothes thus formed repeatedly against the obrved facts to fully prove their validity.
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 普通语言学
问题: What are the major branches of linguistics
What does each of them study
→phonetics语音学→the study of sounds
→phonology音位学→study how sounds are put together and ud to convey meaning
→morphology形态学→study the way in which symbols or morphemes are arranged and combined to form words.
→syntax句法学→the study of rules of forming ntences
茶壶怎么画→mantics语义学→the study of meaning
→pragmatics语用学→ the context of language u
Sociolinguistics社会语言学：The studies of all the social aspects of language and its re
lation with society form the core of the branch.
Psycholinguistics语言心理学：Relate the study of language to psychology
Applied linguistics应用语言学：In a narrow n it refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and cond languages.
Some important distinctions in linguistics:
愣住
①prescriptive规定性/descriptive描写性
②synchronic共时/diachronic历时
③speech口语/writing书面语
④langue语言/parole言语the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure——Cour in General Linguistics
⑤competence语言能力/performance语言应用the American linguist N. Chomsky
⑥traditional grammar 传统语法/modern linguistics现代语言学
问题：in what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar
韩语表白
①linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
②modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.
③modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-bad framework.
问题：Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic
Why
In modern linguistics, a synchronic 不考虑历史演进的, 限于一时的 approach ems to enjoy priority over a diachronic 探求现象变化的, 历时的 one.
Becau it is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successful雪山情ly studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.
Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.
英二和英一的区别
问题：For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing
From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its urs to record speech when the need aris. Even in today’s world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
Spoken language reveals more true features of human speech while written language is only the “revid” record of speech. And linguists’ data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regarded as authentic.
语言的定义：
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
Design features of language7个识别特征
①arbitrariness 任意性 at the syntactic level
②productivity 能产性,创造性
Secondary units底层结构 sounds
③duality 双层性
Primary units 上层结构 units of meaning
④displacement 不受时空限制性handle generalization and abstraction
⑤cultural transmission 文化传递性
⑥interchangeability 互换性
⑦convention 约定性
Functions of language：
三大主要功能：
The descriptive function
略无慕艳意The expressive function
The social function
Roman Jacobson6种首要因素,结构主义语言学家
①speaker addresr→emotive 感情功能
②addre→conative 意动功能
③context→referential所指功能
④message→poetic 诗学功能
⑤contact→phatic communion交感功能
⑥code→metalinguistic 元语言功能
O追梦青春ther functions:
①phatic function 问候功能
②informative f. 信息功能
③interrogative f. 询问功能
④expressive f. 表达功能
腊月初八⑤evocative f. 感染功能
