第2章 音位学
本章要点：
1. Speech organs
发音器官
2. Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between constants and vowels
辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则
3. Phonemes and allophones
音位和音位变体
4. Phonological rule and distinctive features
音系规则和区别特征
5. Syllable structure, stress and intonation
音节结构、重音和语调
本章考点：
语音学：
语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记；严式标音法和宽式标音法。
音系学：
音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的区别；音素，音位，音位变体最小对立体，自由变体的定义；自由变体；音位对立分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音，句子重音）；音高和音调。
本章内容索引：
1. The phonic medium of language
2. Phonetics语音学
(1)The definition of phonetics
(2)Three rearch fields
(3)Organs of speech
(4)Voiceless sounds
(5)Voiced sounds
(6)Orthographic reprentations of speech sounds ——broad and narrow transcriptions
(7)Classification of English speech sounds
A: Definition
漫画老师作文五年级B: Classification of English consonants
C: Classification of English vowels
3. Phonology
孔子评价 (1) Relationship between phonology and phonetics
(2) Phone, phonme
(3) Allophone
(4) Some rules in phonology
A: Sequential rules
B: Assimilation rule
C: Deletion rule
(5) Supra-gmental features: stress, tone, intonation
A: stress
B: tone
写给妈妈的一封信600字
C: intonation
1. The phonic medium of language
2. Phonetics语音学
(1)The definition of phonetics
Phonetics: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of English language. It concerns with the sounds that occur in the world’ languages.
(2)Three rearch fields 三大研究领域 考点名词解释
小米手环功能 A: Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学: the study of the production of speech sounds.
B: Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学: the study of physical properties (特征)of speech sounds.
C: Perceptual phonetics 感知语音学: refers to the perception of speech sounds.
(3)Organs of speech
Vocal organs: lungs, trachea(气管), throat, no, and mouth.
午餐食谱
(4) Voiceless sounds 清音
The sound produced without causing the vibration of the vocal cords(声带).
(5) Voiced sounds 浊音
The sound produced with causing the vibration of the vocal cords(声带).
(6) Orthographic reprentations of speech sounds ——broad and narrow transcriptions
语音正字表——宽式和严式标音
心博 A: Broad transcriptions: transcription with the letter symbols only(一般用于词典和教学)
B: Narrow transcriptions: transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics(变音符号). (语言学家在语言研究中使用)
IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (国际音标) 产生于19世纪末。
(7)Classification of English speech sounds 语音的分类
A: Definition
a: Consonants: sounds are produced by constricting the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the 仙剑奇侠传人物oral cavity.
b: Vowels: sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air in the oral cavity.
B: Classification of English consonants
a: in terms of the manners of articulation(发音方式):
绿茵梦 Stops(爆破音): pb td kg 6
Fricatives(摩擦音): /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ h/ /r/ 8
Affricatives(塞擦音): /tʃ/ /dʒ/
Liquids(清音): /l/ /r/
Nasals(鼻音): /m,n,η/
Glides(滑音): /w j/
b: in terms of place of articulation(发音部位)
bilabials(双唇音): /p b m w/
labiodentals(唇齿音): /f v/
dentals(齿音): /ð//θ/
alveolars(齿龈音): /t d n l r s/ 6
palatals(腭音): /j ʃ ʒ tʃ d / 5
velars(软腭音): /k gη/
glottal(喉音): /h/
C: Classification of English vowels
a: the position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back,
b: the openness of the mouth: clod mi-clod mi-open and open.
c: the shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded
d: the length of the vowels: ten and lax or long and short
3. Phonology
(1) Relationship between phonology and phonetics
Similarity: Both concerned with the speech sounds.
Differences: Approach and Focus.
Phonetics: general nature, it is interested in all human languages.
Phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and how sounds convey meanings.
(2) Phone, Phoneme 考点
Phone: It is a basic unit of phonetic study, a minimal sound gment that human speech can produce. But does not necessarily distinguish meaning.
Phoneme: It is a basic unit of phonological study. It is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning.
(3)Allophone: The different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment are called allophones.（同一个音位在不同的语音环境中的实现方式被称为音位的音位变体）
