Superconductivity
超导现象
One of the earliest properties investigated in the laboratories at Leiden was the resistance of metal wires. It was measured by finding the voltage, or potential difference, between the ends of a wire when a known current was flowing through it. Whenever the current is doubled, the voltage is also doubled according to Ohm's law, and the resistance is voltage over current (R=v/c). With some metals such as copper, iron and platinum, the resistance dropped smoothly down with falling temperature, until at 40°K it was only perhaps a hundredth of its value at 0℃. With others, notably lead, mercury and tin, there was a temperature, different for each one but well below 20°K, at which the resistance dropped to nothing at all. A hundredth of a degree above this critical temperature the resistance was normal, like tho of copper, iron and platinum; but a hundredth of a degree below, it was zero or too small to measure.
参考译文:金属丝的电阻是莱顿实验室最早研究的金属特性之一。测量方法是在已知电流流
过导线时,测算导线两端之间的电压或电位差。根据欧姆定律,当电流增加一倍时,电压也会成倍增加,因为电阻是电压除以电流所得值(R=v/c)。像铜、铁和铂这类金属,随着温度降低,其电阻也平稳降低,到开氏四十度时,其电阻也许只有摄氏零度时电阻值的一百分之一。就别的金属而言,主要是铅、水银和锡,当它达到某一温度时,其电阻下降为零。这个温度对于上述三种不同的金属,各不相同,但都大大低于开氏二十度。比这个临界温度高出百分之一度时电阻是正常的,就像铜、铁和铂的电阻一样;但若比临界温度低于百分之一度,电阻下降为零或者小到无法测量。
参考译文:在莱顿实验室研究的最早的一个特性是金属线电阻。根据已知电流流经电线两端的电压和电位差来测量电阻。当电流加倍时,根据欧姆定律,电压也加倍。电阻值等于电压除以电流(R=v/c)。铜、铁和铂等金属的电阻随温度的下降而稳定下降,直到40 °K。其值在0℃时为百分之一。特别是铅、汞和锡等其他金属,在同一温度下,电阻值是各不相同的。但在20ºK以下时,在这一温度下,电阻力完全消失。若在这个临界温度以上的百分之一度时,电阻正常,就像铜、铁和铂那样。但是,在这个临界温度以下的百分之一度时,无论是零,还是小于零,都无法测量。
参考译文:金属线的电阻是莱顿实验室最早的研究对象之一,而通过测量电流流经导线始端和未端的电压差或电位差就可以计算该金属线的电阻值。根据欧姆定律,电压除以电流即等于电阻(R = v / c),如果电流量翻倍,电压也随之翻倍。对于某些金属,如铜、铁和铂,电阻随着温度的降低而平稳下降,在400K时,这些金属的电阻值仅为其在0℃时的百分之一。其他金属,特别是铅、汞和锡,在不同温度下电阻值各不相同,但如果温度低到200K时,这些金属的电阻值几乎为零。在温度高于临界温度的百分之一度时,铜、铁和铂这些金属的电阻呈现正常值;但是低于临界温度百分之一度时,电阻值几乎为零或者小到无法测量。
星座守护
The excitement, agitation and checking of instruments in the sober Dutch laboratories can only be imagined, but eventually everyone was satisfied and the superconductivity (of mercury) was published as an obrved fact in 1912. This result was no freak. It was small as 10^-17 ohms would have been detected, but it was not there. Nor were tin, lead and mercury freak metals. Twenty-two super conducting metals are now known, as well as numerous alloys and compounds such as certain nitrides and carbides.
drive的名词
参考译文:这些审慎的荷兰实验室工作人员的喜悦激动之情以及他们对仪器的检测之细无人知晓,但最终大家都很满意,汞的超导性也在1912年作为实测结论予以公布。这项结果并非偶然和反常现象。这种实验以后又重做了,并再次核实,到1962年,电阻即使小到10^-17都可以测出,但还是没有测到(任何电阻)。锡、铅和汞并非反常金属。目前已知有22种超导金属,以及许多合金和化合物,如某些氮化物和碳化物。
参考译文:人们只能想象(研究人员)在这些严肃的荷兰实验室里的兴奋、激动和检查仪器的场景,但是,最终每个人都感到满意,水银的超导性在1912年被作为一个观察到的事实公布于世。这一研究结果并不奇怪。它很小,是作为10^-17欧姆检测到的,但它不在那里。锡、铅和汞也不是这类金属。目前已知超导金属22种,以及许多合金和化合物,如某些氮化物和碳化物。
功夫梦2
参考译文:如今我们仅在头脑中想像荷兰实验室的得出这些数据时的兴奋、激动和反复核查仪器数值的情形,但最终参与实验的人员对实验结果都很满意;1912年,作为精确观测到的事实,(水银)的超导性向外界公布。实验结果当然不存在荒诞绝伦之处,经过精准检测,电阻小到只有10^-17欧姆,但事实上当时这一数值小到无法检测。而锡、铅和汞这些
梦见水里有蛇
金属的情况也是如此。现在科学界已经发现了22种超导金属,此外在许多合金和化合物(如某些氮化物和碳化物)上也发现了超导性。
The completely unforeen phenomenon of superconductivity meant that low-temperature laboratories had much more to do than long ries of careful measurements. They had to find the explanation of a growing ries of results which not only emed contrary to nature as men understood it, but which did not (at first) fit in too well with大唐红颜赋 each other. By now most of the 自我介绍工作面试美短和英短的区别inconsistencies have been tidied up, but a full explanation has not been found. Theoretical physicists have recently produced a promising model showing how electrons may slip about between the atoms of a metal without being perturbed by them, but they still cannot altogether be sure why this happens in some metals and not in others.
参考译文:由于事先根本没想到会观测到超导性这一现象,这就意味着低温实验室要做的工作远不止长时间的仔细测量。他们需对日益增多的一系列结果做出解释。这些结果不仅同人类过去对自然的了解相悖,而且刚开始时彼此之间也不很一致。到目前为止,大多数
的分歧已经统一,但还没有找到完整的解释。理论物理学家最近建立了一个很有前途的模型,展示了电子是如何在金属原子之间运动而不会受到它们干扰,但他们仍然不能完全确定为什么这种情况会发生在某些金属中而不是所有金属中。可爱的小狗作文300字
参考译文:这种完全不可预见的超导现象意味着在低温实验室里要做的事情远比长时间仔细测量要多得多。他们不得不找出一种成长结果的解释。这些结果不仅看起来与人类的理解相反,而且,最初并没有相互吻合。至今为止,大部分的不一致已被整理出来。但尚未找到完整的解释。理论物理学家最近制作了一个很有前景的模型,展示了电子如何在金属原子之间滑动而不受其干扰,但仍然不能完全确定为什么这种情况会发生在某些金属中,而不是在其他金属中。
参考译文:超导现象完全处于人类的预见之外,这就意味着低温实验室不仅仅要仔细地观测,还需要做大量的工作。鉴于超导实验所呈现的现象纷繁复杂,这些现象又与人类所认识的自然规律似乎相悖,并且(最初)这些结果互不契合,实验人员就必须对这些不断增加系列结果探求合理的解释。迄今为止,科研人员对大部分不一致的结果都进行了梳理,但仍欠缺较为周全的解释。理论物理学家最近制作了一个很有应用前景的模型,显示电子如
何在不受原子阻扰的情形下在滑动于其中,但他们尚不能确定为何此种现象会在一些金属中出现,而另一些金属却不曾产生。
A metal, even in the form of a wire, must be looked on as a collection of rather small crystals, in which the metal atoms are arranged in regular rows and planes, the arrangement being called a lattice. The atoms exert according to their distance apart, and thus keeping each other in place. Becau of thermal motion, they vibrate more if they are warm, less if cold. Most of the electrons belonging to the atoms are bound cloly to them, just as they are bound to each other; but a few, amounting perhaps to one per atom, are free. They can easily move from one atom to another, particularly if the latter is deficient in electrons.