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INTA23 ANNUAL CONFERENCE
LYON FRANCE 6 - 10 JUNE 1999
究竟The Inclusive City : cities for the world, cities for the people
Ca study of Urban Waste Management in
Maharashtra State, India
Lalit Chaudhari
Vice President
Institute for Sustainable Development & Rearch
Bombay
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1.1 INT R
ODUCTION
Uncontrolled growth of population is the most acute problem that India is facing now.Becau of this ri, various other problems as living, employment, water. sanitation,waste disposal and hygiene have come forward Maharashtra is the third largest state in India both in population and area. H istorically Maharashtra falls in three regions.Western Maharashtra, Vidlirblia and Marathwada. The st
ate is divided in to 31 districts.About 70% of people in Maharashtra state depend on the agriculture. The total area of the Maharashtra state is 30,07,690 sq. Kins. And the population is 7,89,00,000 as per the 1991 census. There are 31 districts in the state and they are further divided in to 325 blocks in six different administrative zones. The urban population of the state is 39% and the other being rural. There are 29 Zilla, Parishad and 297 Panchayat Samitees. Number of municipal councils are 232 including A B and C Class municipalities and Municipal corporations are 12 including A, B and C class municipal corporations.
1.1.1 PRESENT SITUATION OF FAWUR TOWN IN MAHARASEHTRA STATE
Faizpur is the historical town in Yawal tahsil of Jalgaon district in Maharashtra state. It has population of 21,322 as per 1991 census. The town has "C" class municipality. The Chief officer is the administrative head of the municipality and the President is the statutory authority of the municipality, who is elected by the peoples reprentatives of the different local wards. The collector and the Divisional commissioner is the regional and divisional head and the Minister for urban development of the State Government is the controlling authority for the municipality.
About 3.00 ton garbage and waste material is collected daily with the help of the 44labours and it is
dumped in 40 pits of size 15’ x 8’ x 4’ which occupies about 1,52 ha. Of the land, owned by the municipality.
Daily 15 trucks load garbage is collected which is converted into 500 tons of compost and it is auctioned for Rupees 20,000 The total expenditure for this sanitation is Rupees 11,04,000/per year.
1.
Large quantity of market waste is produced everyday.2.
large quantity of waste material can be collected by increasing efficiency.3.
Low quality of manure is produced due to improper and unscientific methods.4.
The system is unable to fulfil the prent demand of organic manure in local area.5.
The problem of offensive odour and unhygienic conditions still prevails.6. The prent system is unable to reduce the health problems due to some limitations.
Considering all the aspects a great need aris to handle the situation on scientific basis and more efficiently so that it will minimize the problems and also fetch a good income to the municipality.
1.2 P R OBLEMS
Sanitation and hygiene are hazards the Indian towns and cities are facing. As the rural population is migrating to cities more garbage and waste material is produced. A large machinery and manpower is required for collection and disposal.. The cities in Maharashtra state are facing the problem of organic waste disposal. This organic waste is generated in the market places, some places they are located in the town centers.
1.3 CAUSES
The farmers bring the vegetable in the market, some times in the centre of the towns,from farms with out cleaning it, in order to make more profit. The farmers are lling their vegetable on weight basis Hence the organic waste in the market area increas and put pressure on the existing system of waste collection.
1.4 EFFECTS
Due to the incread volume and weight, most of the waste remain uncollected and starts decaying on the spot. Due to this foul odour is spread all over the towns and cities where the solid waste colle
ction and disposal is not efficient.This again creates certain health hazards and give ri to certain dias. The incread volume of waste requires more labour to collect and transport it to final disposal sites. This will leads in incread expenditure on the entire waste management system.书单
1.5 SOLUTION
The municipalities have to concentrate on this field and also have to spend a large amount with less outcome To tackle this problem the simplest and economical way ahead to transform all the garbage and waste materials in to the compost and
vermicompost. This will prove as a boon to the authorities as it will generate a large sum per year compared to the prent years.
The composting and vermicomposting will help the local authorities to dispo the organic waste by technically sound methods without affecting the environmental qualities and prerving the nature and biodiversity. The product of the composting will generates the opportunity for revenue earning for the local authorities. In other words this will strengthen the prent collection and disposal system and make it more economical and lf sustained. It will also help the farmers to come out of the danger caud by excessive u of chemical fertilirs. Soil depletion has taken place on a large qu
antity which ultimately, leads to low yield and high production cost along with considerable amount of the pollution. Compost and vermicompost will be uful in keeping the cities and towns clean and there by reduce the health hazards which will increa the production
1.6 ST
R ATEGIC PLANNING
The model propod strategic planning for the solid waste management in the towns of Maharashtra mainly consists of the main actors involve in the urban waste management system.
1) THE FARMERS
The farmers are the main actors in the waste management model. Their involvement in this system will help to reduce the organic waste in town centres specially in market places. Their responsibility is to clean the vegetable at the source in their farms. This will reduce the waste in houhold kitchens and thereby considerably help in waste collection and reduction in transportation cost.
The farmers who will clean their vegetable at the source itlf are eligible for the incentives either in t
erms of monetary benefits or reduction in taxes or electricity charges or for the special rates for the clean vegetable as the weight may be reduced after cleaning it.
Secondly the farmers can cooperate with the cond actor in this system, local Government, in collection of their organic waste at common collection point in market areas and take active part in composting process as their responsibility against waste generation. As it can be en that the farmers are the key actors element in this system as they are mainly responsible actors for source reduction, source paration, the important element of waste reduction process.
2) LOCAL GOVERNMEN
The main task of the local government is to dispo the waste that is generated in the market places This involves collection and transportation of the waste from market places to the disposal sites or composting places. The local Government after lling the compost in the open market, can lf-sustain this process for stability in operations.
3)NGOs
The role of NGOs in this system will be important as a promoter and supervisor. The
government along with the main actors, farmers, for the effective implementation of the scheme. The NGOs are entitled to claim the part of the financial benefit from the lling of compost to keep the system functional.
1.7 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
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The force field analysis shows that the market demand for the compost and Government’s policies are the two major driving forces in this situation. The farmers are now turning towards the eco-farming and avoiding the u of chemical fertilirs to maintain the quality and productivity of the soil. More often it is en that the Government is unwilling to hand over the projects to private -public partnership or NGOs. But in this ca the Government is strongly willing to support the composting of municipal organic waste by framing the special policies and offering more incentives. This can be en in the force field diagram.
On the other side of the force field analysis diagram, the weak municipal administration and limited funds are the major restraining forces which put some restriction on the local Government to implement the composting projects. The prent expenditure on the waste management system is not allowing the local bodies to expand their basic rvices and this is the main reason for poor quali
好看的文学作品ty work and low rvices to citizens. The NGOs involvement in this analysis can reduce the effects of two other restraining forces, lack of experience and no planning frame work by taking the responsibility to train the actors in the propod system which will help to build the better and sustainable planning frame work.
The political support for establishing the compost unit in the municipal areas is strong positive factor in this system. This will encourage the municipal workers, staff and the local people for their effective involvement in this system. The availability of land for the composting unit is another major factor as the project will not take place if there is not any sufficient land available for the different process and the stages in the composting systems.
The pollution free technology for composting will maintain the environmental balance in the cities and the town centres and there will not be any adver effect on the atmosphere as well as on the public health.
The another restraining force, limited fund, will be eliminated as soon as the marketing process of the compost will start and more revenue will generate and this will result in reducing the prent expenditure on the waste management system.九龙游乐园>足音跫然
1.8 ACTION PLAN
The action plan will have two components
i) Training Programme
A scientific training programme with practical will be given to the employees and the elected reprentatives of the municipality, local youths and farmers, which will enable
them to understand the problem and solution more efficiently and it will also help the municipal authorities to implement the project more effectively in the future. Training on composting and vermicomposting will be carried out by the NGO from local area Satpuda Vikas Mandal at Pal, under the control of Indian Council for Agricultural Rearch (ICAR) Awareness and motivational training will be conducted at project site.
ii) Production of composting & vermicomposting
This will include the process right from collecting the garbage and waste material by deciding the times and critical and optimal collection path. The various parameters for production and quality of the compost and vermicompost will be adopted from ICAR-Experts and technicians from NGO cto
r will supervi regularly for 2-3 years for implementation of the project.
The actual programme for production of composting will be as follows:
•Collecting the maximum solid waste as per the critical and optimal path decided by the experts as per the time schedule.
•Sorting out the stones, plastic, rubber, tires, and other inorganic materials.
•Chopping of garbage into pieces of 2-3 cm size using chopper or manually.•Composing by suitable methods.
The prent available 40 pits will be modified and ud for bacterial decompositing. The construction of the sheds for the vermicompost will be constructed during the training period of the workers. Water facilities will be provided by the municipality at site for sprinkling on the compost pits and vermicompost.
1.9 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT
The composting and vermicomposting unit for the municipality will by all means beneficial specially e
conomically and environmentally. The unit will compost 6 ton of garbage and organic waste daily which will yield 2,190 tons per year. This will yield 730 tons of compost and vermicompost. The market rate for compost and vermicompost is RS 2,000/per ton. The earth warms are very rapidly multiplying creatures The municipality can ll the worms at the rate of RS 300/per thousand. In each year the expected production of the earthworm will be 5,00,000 (Estimated )
It is expected that the unit will lf supporting at third year and the cost invested will be recovered in only 18 months. There will be additional revenue generation for every year which will help in promoting the other development activities in the town and better rvices can be provided to the citizens Other indirect benefits expected excluding this projected values are, the farmers can get the good quality of the compost and vermicompost and there by there will be increa in the agricultural production and raising the income of the farmers. The local youths which will be trained by NGO, can start their own composting / vermicomposting unit as income generation activity and more lf employment opportunities can be created at local ward level.
1.10 SCHEDULING OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The main objective of the scheduling of solid waste management activity is to produce a
time specific frame and action plan from the task and to introduce the principles of quencing and scheduling tasks.
While scheduling the solid waste management plan, in the first two months the strategy for the effective waste management can be develop with help of the survey and available data. After fixing the strategy the transport plan could be prepared and simultaneously the construction of the structures required for composting can be started in cond pha along with the training of the municipal workers and local youths at the NGO center. This cond pha will also consists of procuring the machinery and items requires for the project.
After completion of the cond pha, in the third pha actual composting will take place as all the preparation required for composting would have been completed with the help of NGO and the local people.
小麦分蘖The compost marketing will be started after first three months and will be done by the local Government or the NGO, as decided by the authorities.
The monitor and review process will take place at the interval of the three months to ascertain the progress of the project and for the decision making process.
The scheduling for the waste management system for the town can be done as mentioned herewith.
CONCLUSION
The Maharashtra state in India have 325 Towns and 33 cities. There are 232 municipal councils including A B, and C class, and 12 municipal corporations The local authorities are looking after the civic administration at town or city level The towns are now facing the acute solid waste problem causing the environmental pollution. The combined effect of this pollution is degradation in the soil, water and air quality, which ultimately affect the civic health in the areas. The farmers from the peri-urban areas are bringing their agricultural products including vegetables in the city market without cleaning it properly, with a intention to make more profit. This creates large amount of the solid waste specially organic waste which contain more percentage of moisture content.
The studies in this work shop paper points to a number of considerations that should be taken in to account when planning the environmental strategies and lecting the policy instruments for solid waste disposal in towns. The economic instruments for reduction of solid waste can not be successfully implemented with out pre-existing appropriate standards and effective monitoring and enforcement’s capacities. Although economic incentives have been viewed by some as alternative to
the traditional command and control approach, they can not be considered as short cuts to the solid waste management. The source reduction, source paration and producer responsibility, the three factors are critical in developing and designing the model for economic and optimum waste management system in the towns of the Maharashtra.
The municipal councils and local authorities are spending large amount of their budget on solid waste management system, which is major constraint in expanding other civic rvices to citizens.
