1. Langue and Parole
施工项目 Langue is the system of a language, the language as a system of forms,whereas parole is actual speech, the speech acts that are made possible by the system of the language. That`s is to say,langue is the social product who existence permits the individual to exerci his linguistic faculty; parole, on the other hand, is the “executive side of language”.未雨绸缪造句
2. Comparative Linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages in order to compare their structures and to show whether they are similar or different. Comparative linguistics is ud in the study of languages types and in comparative historical linguistics. It is also ud by some applied linguists for establishing differences between the learner’s native language and the target language in the areas of syntax, vocabulary, and sound systems.
3.Empiricism（经验主义）
An approach to psychology which states that the development of theory must be related to
obrvable facts and experimentsqq网名, or which states that all human knowledge comes from experience.
4.Rationalism （理性主义）
It is an approach to philosophy propod by Chomsky in the 1960s, which states that the knowledge is bad on reasoning rather than on experience of ns. In this n, it is oppod to empiricism.
5.Behaviorism （行为主义）
A theory of psychology which states that human and animal behavior can be studied only in terms of physical process, without reference to mind. It led to theories of learning which explained how an external event (a stimulus) caud a change in the behavior of an individual (a respon), bad on a history of reinforcement.
6.Positivism (实证主义)
a philosophical movement that began in the early 19th century, characterized by an emphasis on the scientific method as the only source of knowledge and a desire to rebuild society on the basis of “positive150字日记” knowledge.
.7Mentalism（心智主义）
It is the theory that a human being posss a mind which has consciousness, ideas, etc., and that the mind can influence the behavior of the body.
8.Morpheme (语素)
It refers to the smallest meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme cannot be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.
9.Deduction and induction (演绎和归纳)
Reasoning by deduction proceeds from a generalization to particular facts which support it, whereas reasoning by induction involves moving from particular facts to generalizations about them.
10.Linguistic relativity （语言相对论）
Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativity.
11.Linguistic determinism（语言决定论）
关于节日的故事A theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined by the structure of their native language.
12.Discour analysis (话语分析)
The study of how ntences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units such as paragraphs, conversations, interviews, etc.
13.Semiology/Semiotics （符号学）
1) the theory of signs. 2) the analysis of systems using signs or signals for the purpo of
communication. The most important miotic system is human language, but there are other systems, e.g. sign language, traffic signals.
14.Descriptive linguistics （描写语言学）
Descriptive linguistics describes how a language is actually spoken and/or written, and does not state or prescribe how it ought to be spoken or written.
15.Synchronic and diachronic linguistics （共时和历史方法）
Diachronic linguistics is an approach to linguistics which studies how a language changes over a period of time, for 打暑假工example the change in the sound system of English from Early English to Modern English.
Diachronic linguistics has been contrasted with synchronic linguistics which is the study of a language system at one particular point in time, for example the sound system of Modern British English.
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16. Synchronic and diachronic linguistics
Diachronic linguistics is an approach to linguistics which studies how a language changes over a period of time, for exmple the change in the sound system of English from Early English to Modern English.
Diachronic linguistics has been contrasted with synchronic linguistics which is the study of a language system at one particular point in time, for example the sound system of Modern British English.
The need for diachronic and synchronic descriptions to be kept apart was emphasized by the swiss linguist Saussure.
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17. Speech act
An utterance as a functional unit in communication. In speech act theory, utterances have two kinds of meaning:
