名词解释
1.linguistic: the scientific study of language.
2.langue: the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
3.competence: the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules.
4.morpheme: the minimal units of meaning
5.syntax: a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of ntences
6.mantics: the study of meaning
天上谣7.pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language u ntences to effect successful communication.
8.register: the variety of language related to one’s occupation
9.language acquisition: a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue
10.interlanguage: learners’ independent system of the cond language, which is of neither the native language nor the cond language, but a continuum or approximation for one extreme of his native language to the other of the cond language.
列组词
简答题
1.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?
In modern linguistics, a synchronic approach ems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. It is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successful studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.
2.What is n and what is reference? How are they related?
苍术种植
Sen is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized.
Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
Linguistic forms having the same n may have different references in different situations. On the other hand, there are also occasions when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in n.
调查研究方案
3.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance? Give an example.
The three acts are locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.
For example, the ntence “You have left the door wide open.”
The locutionary act: expressing what the words literally mean.
The illocutionary act: by making such an utterance he has expresd his intention of speaking, i.e asking someone to clo the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.
The perlocutionary act: the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker’s message, i.e. he understands that the speaker means to tell him to clo the door, and thus clos the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.
4.What are the major types of synonyms in English?
1) Dialectal synonyms—synonyms ud in different regional dialects
autumn-fall petrol-gas torch-flashlight underground-subway
2) Stylistic synonyms—synonyms differing in style
daddy, dad, father
3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning
collaborator-accomplice
4) Collocational synonyms
we can u accu, charge, rebuke, but they are followed by different prepositions—accu…of, charge…with, rebuke…for.宋政
5) Semantically different synonyms
amaze-astound
5.What are the five design features of language specified by C. Hockett to show that human language is esntially different from any animal communication system?
1) Arbitrariness
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are ud to refer to the same object in different languages.
2) Productivity
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs. Productivity is unique to human language.
3) Duality
Language is a system, which consists of two ts of structures, or two levels:
the sound level and the grammatical level
4) Displacement
椰子的英语Language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
5) Cultural transmission
It is pasd on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.
6.What are the four major views concerning the study of meaning?
The naming theory羊头捣蒜 is propod by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words ud in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.春酒琦君
The conceptualist view has held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the classic mantic triangle or triangle of significance suggested by Ogden and Richards.
Contextualism holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, u, context—elements cloly linked with language behavior. A reprentative of this approach was J.R Firth, the leading British linguist of the period.
Behaviorism is propod by Bloomfield. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the respon it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory is linked with psychological interest. The view of meaning propod by Bloomfield is illustrated by his story about Jack and Jill.
