(完整版)APpsychology总结笔记

更新时间:2023-07-31 16:53:49 阅读：评论：0

AP psychology

Chapter 1 History and Approaches

Wave one——introspection
●Important in establishing the science of psychology ●but do not significantly influence current psychological thinking.
Name	Theory		Event	significance
Wilhelm Wundt	Structuralism: the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective nsations. Instropection(method):the subjects were asked to record accurately their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli		In 1879, Set up the first psychological lab near the university at Leipzig, Germany	The beginning of scientific psychology
William James	Functionalism:how Wundt’s structures function in our lives		In 1890, Published the principles of psychology	First textbook
Margaret Floy Washburn			Student of William James	The first woman to earn a Ph.D in Psychology
G. Stanley Hall			Student of William James, pioneered the study of child	The first president of the American Psychological Association
Wave two——Gestalt psychology
●argue against Structuralism ●香菇油菜怎么炒the contribution to specific forms of therapy and the study of perception ●but has Little influence on current psychology
Name	Theory
Max Wertheimer	Gestalt: The way people experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences.1+1>2
Waves Three——Psychoanalysis
●Widely ud by psychologists and artist ●but has been criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories
Name	theory
Sigmund Freud	Psychoanalysis: ●Unconscious mind: a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave ●Repression: the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cau so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them. ●Methods: examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques.
Waves Four——Behaviorism
●Argue against Psychoanalysis ●Behaviorism was the dominant school of thought in psychology from the 1920s through the 1960s.
Name		Theory
Ivan Pavlov(pioneer)		Conditioning experiment
John Watson傅雷家书阅读感想(establish)		Behaviorism: We should look at only behavior and caus of behavior —stimuli(environmental events) and respons(physical reactions) — and not concern themlves with describing elements of consciousness.

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B.F Skinner(expand)		Reinforcement: environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain respons
Waves Five——Multiple Perspectives
Current trend:Eclectic ●No one perspective can best explain all human behaviors ●A therapist u whatever psychological perspective that work best for each patient.
Perspectives	Theory		Therapist	Example
Humanist	●Argue against deterministic behaviorism(all behaviors are caud by past conditioning) ●Stresd individual choice and free will ●We choo most of our behaviors and the choices are guided by physiological emotional, or spiritual needs.		Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers	Explain an introverted person: social needs are better satisfied by contract with a few friends rather than large groups
Psychoanalytic	The same as Freud’s theory mentioned above		Sigmund Freud	Explain an introverted person: Avoids social situations becau of a represd memory of trauma in childhood involving social situation
Biopsychology (Neuroscience)	Human cognition and reactions might be caud by biological process: genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters……			Explain an extroverted person:genes inherited from their parents and genes’ effects on the abundance of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. 试用期内辞退员工是否需要赔偿
Evolutionary缝纫机乐队豆瓣 (Darwinian)	Natural lection: Some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival, and the traits would be pasd down from the parents to the next generation			Explain an extroverted person: making friends and allies could improve the individual’s chances of survival, which increa the person’s chances for passing this trait for extroversion down to his or her children.骞读音
Behavioral	The same as Watson’s theory mentioned above		失根的兰花Ivan Pavlov John Watson B.F.Skinner	Explain an extroverted person: becau of environmental conditions:being rewarded for being outgoing; being punished for withdrawing from a situation or not interact with others
Cognitive	The rules that we u to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do		Jean Piaget	Explain an extroverted person:interpret outgoing makes n/is important
Social-Cultural	Culture has an inﬂuence on the way we think and act			Explain an extroverted person:cultural rules about social interaction
Biopsychosocial	Bio+psycho+social			Explain an extroverted person:bio:a genetic tendency psycho:has been conditioned toward extroverted behavior social:social pressures such as conformity

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