Answer questions briefly
Chapter 1.
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1. What are some important distinctions in linguistics? (In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?) P3~5
Answer: Prescriptive and descriptive, synchronic and diachronic, speech and writing, langue and parole, competence and performance, traditional grammar and modern linguistics. (Traditional grammar is prescriptive, synchronic, speech, langue and competence. Modern linguistics is descriptive, diachronic, writing, parole and performance.)
2. What are the design features of language?P8~10
Answer: Arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement, cultural transmission.
Chapter 2.
1. What are the three branches of phonetics?P15
Answer: The three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics respectively.
2. 文昌鸡The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas, what are they?P15
Answer: The pharyngeal cavity—the throat, the oral cavity—the mouth, and the nasal cavity—the no.
3. 普通话宣传语In which way do linguistic classify the English consonants? P19
Answer: English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.
4. How to classify the English vowels?P20
Answer: The position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
5. What are some rules in phonology? (Can you tell me some phonological rules?)P25~26
Answer: Sequential rules, assimilation rule and deletion rule.
6. What are the supragmental features? (Can you give some supragmental features?)P27
Answer: The main supragmental features include stress, intonation, and tone.
Chapter 4.
1. How to determine a word’s category?P43
Answer: To determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflection and distribution.
2. 小汽车手工What are the major lexical categories?P43智障儿童
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Answer: Major lexical categories are Noun, Verb, Adjective, and Preposition.
Chapter 5.
1. Can you learn some views concerning the study of meaning? (What are some views concerning the study of meaning?)P62
Answer: The naming theory, the conceptualist view, contextualism and behaviorism.法半夏的副作用
2. What is the main idea of the conceptualist view?P63
Answer: This conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
张素真3. What is the main idea of the contextualist view of meaning?P64
Answer: The contextualist view of meaning is bad on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to obrvable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.
4. What are the two kinds of context are recognized?P64
Answer: The situational context and the linguistic context.
5. What are the major n relations?P66~70
Answer: Synonymy, polymy, homonymy, hyponymy and antonymy.
6. What are the five kinds of synonymy?P67~68
Answer: Dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning, collocational synonyms and mantically different synonyms.
7. What are the three kinds of antonymy?P70
Answer: Gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites.
Chapter 6.
1. How are ntence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they diff
er?P79
Answer: Therefore, while the meaning of a ntence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is bad on ntence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a ntence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
2. What are the three act theories? (根据Austin,说话时正进行哪些行为？)P81
Answer: According to Austin’s new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.
3. How does Searle classify illocutionary acts?P82~83
Answer: Reprentatives/ asrtives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.
4. According to Paul Grice, what is the cooperative principle? (说话时应守的原则)P87
