课外拓展（浪漫主义时期名词解释）
1. Romanticism: It is a term applied to literary and artistic movements of the late18th and early19th century. It can be en as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified classicism in general and late18th-century neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Inspired in part by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expresd by Jean Jacques Rousau. They emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval, exotic, primitive, and nationalistic. Critics date English literary romanticism from the publication of William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first reform bill in the Parliament in1832.
爹爹好大2. Ode: It is an elaborately formal lyric poem, often in the form of a lengthy ceremonious address to a person or abstract entity, always rious and elevated in tone. It aims at praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Odes originally were songs performed to the accompaniment of a musical instrument. There are two different classical models: Pindar’s Greek choral odes devoted to public prai of athletes (5thcenturyBC), and Horace’s more privately reflective odes in Latin (c.23~13BC). John Keats wrote many celebrated odes such as “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to a Nightingale” (both1820).
3. Byronic hero: It is a stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immen superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would ri single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.
双引号什么意思4. Ottava rima: 祝福语四个字It is a form of ver stanza consisting of eight lines rhyming abababcc, usually employed for narrative ver but sometimes ud in lyric poems. In its original Italian form (“eighth rhyme”), pioneered by Boccaccio in the14th century and perfected by Ariostointhe16th.
It ud hendecasyllables, but the English version us iambic pentameters. It was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the 16th century, and later ud by Byron in Don Juan as well as by Keats, Shelley, and Yeats.
5. Terza rima: It is a ver form consisting of a quence of interlinked tercets rhyming aba bcb cdc ded etc. Thus the cond line of each tercet provides the rhyme for the first and third lines of the next, the quence clos with one line (or in a few cas, two lines) rhyming with the middle line of the last tercet: 痴男怨女yzy z (z). The form was invented by Dante Alighieri for his DivinaCommedia 厦门风景(c.1320), using the Italian hendecasyllabic line. It has been adopted by veral poets in English pentameters, notably by P. B. Shelley in his “Ode to the West Wind”.
6. Irony: It is a contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. Three kinds of irony are: (1) verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker says one thing and means something entirely different; (2) dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not know; (3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results.
7. Lyric: It is a poem, usually a short one that express a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric. As its Greek name indicates, a lyric was originally a poem sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, and lyrics to this day have retained a melodic quality. Lyrics may express a range of emotions and reflections. Robert Herrick’s “To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” reflects on the brevity of life and the need to live for the moment, while T. S. Eliot’s “Preludes” obrves the sordidness and depression of modern life.
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8. Motif: It is a recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phra) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in someway to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play. For example, a motif ud by D. H. Lawrence in his story “The Rocking-Hor Winner” is the word luck. The main character of the story, a boy named Paul, discovers that he has the power to predict the winner in a hor race. However, this becomes an ironic kind of luck, for Paul grows obsd with his power and is finally destroyed by it. At times, motif is ud to refer to some commonly ud plot or character type in literature. The “ugly duckling motif” refers to a plot that involves the transformation of a plain-looking person into a beauty. Two other commonly ud motifs are the “Romeo and Juliet motif” (about doomed lovers) and the “Horatio Alger motif” (about the office clerk who becomes the corporation president).
