1. What changes can be find through the development of language?
特色菜谱大全
Changes in phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon and mantic system and grammar can be found.
a. Addition of new words:
1) coinage(创新词) 2) clipped words(缩略词):3) blending(紧缩法)4) acronyms (词首字母缩略词)5) back-formation (逆构词法):6) function shift( 功能转换)7) Borrowing or loan word (借用词)
5. Caus of language change:
a. development of science & technologyb. social & political needsc. more neutral job titlesd. economy of memorye. theory of least effort
我最爱的人却伤我最深factors contributing to the change:
a. lexical addition;b. borrowing;c. simplification of grammar;d. elaboration( to maintain intelligibility )
1). What is sociolinguistics?
Socialinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the us of language and the social structures in which the urs of language live.
2) What is speech community?(言语社区)
A group of people who form a community, e.g. a village, a region, a nation, and who have at least one speech variety in common.
菽庄花园What is speech variety?(罗思思言语变体)
A term sometimes ud instead of language, dialect, sociolect, pidgin, creole, etc. becau it is considered more neutral than such terms. It may also be ud for different varieties of one language.
Varieties elated to the ur are normally known as dialects and varieties related to u as registers.
Register (语域)The type of language which is lected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.
Three social variables that determine the register:
Field of discour( 语场) Tenor of discour(语旨):Mode of discour(语式)
586年
Degree of formality正式度
Martin Joos’sfive stages of formality水萝卜的做法大全：1). Intimate;2). Casual;3). Consultative; 4). Formal ;5). Frozen.
Bilingualism (双语制): the u of at least two languages either by an individual or by a group pf speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. Bilingualism is common in, for example, the Province
Diglossia(双言制) When two languages or language varieties exist side by side in a community and each one is ud for different purpos, this is called diglossia.
What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）/ linguistic relativity (语言相对性)?
Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perceptions and the way they categorize experiences.
Two different interpretations about Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: 1.the strong version believes that language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior; 2.the weak one holds that language patterns influences people’s thinking and behavior.炒小龙虾
Denotative(表意), connotative（隐意）, iconic（图像意义）
Cultural overlap & diffusion 文化重迭；文化扩散
What caus overlap & diffusion?
Similarities in natural environment & psychology of human beings cau cultural overlap.
Elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus creating cultural diffusion which has been shaped gradually but unceasingly.
Acculturation(文化互渗)：absorbed Assimilation（文化吸收）：interferes
打工人语录
Amalgamation（文化融合） cultural/linguistic imperialism（文化/语言帝国主义）
linguistic nationalism（语言民族主义）Intercultural communication(跨语言交际)
The Behaviourist view: Language acquisition is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation. Imitation and practice are preliminary, discrimination and generalization are key to language development in this theory. Language is learned through stimulus and respon. Reinforcement of lected respons is the key to understanding language development. Children learn to produce correct ntences becau they are positively reinforced when they say something right and negatively reinforced when they say something wrong.
The advantage & disadvantage of this theory:
It offers a reasonable account of how children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects of the language, yet how they acquire more complex grammatical structure of the language requires a different explanation.
The innatist view:
Innatist hypothesis（ 语法天生说）: a theory held by some philosophers and linguists which says that human knowledge develops from structures, process, and ideas which are in the mind at birth( innate), rather than from the environment, and that the are responsible for the basic structure of language and how it is learned. This hypothesis has been ud to explain how children are able to learn language. It contrasts with the belief that all human knowledge comes from experience.
XI Second Language Acquisition
interlanguage ( IT)( 中介语 ): the type of language produced by cond-and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a language.
