1 the image of the environment
Every citizen has had a long association with some part of his city, ans his image is soaked in memories and meanings.
City design is a continuous succession of phra.青马培训心得体会
短笑话大全爆笑Legibility 可读性
Apparent clarity or legibility of cityscape.
在职法律硕士One who districts or landmarks or pathways are easily identified and are easily grouped into and overall pattern.
City image is the product both of immediate nsation and of the memory of the past experience, and it is ud to interpret information and guide action.
A vivid and integrated physical tting can furnish the raw material for the symbols and collective memories of group communication.
Also provide emotional curity
angle天使
Positive values of legible surroundings: emotional satisfaction., the framework for communication or conceptual organization, he new depths that it may bring to everyday experience.
Building the image
Environmental images are the result of a two way process between the obrver and his environment. The environment suggests distinction and relations, and the obrver lects, organizes and endows with meaning what he es.
Each individual creates and bears his own image but there ems to be substantial agreement among members of the same group. The group images interest city planners who aspire to model an environment that will be ud by many people.
Structure and identity
An environment image may be analyzed into three components: identity, structure and meaning. Identity
Firstly imply it’s distinction it’s recognition as a parable entity, individuality or oneness.
长征线路图
Secondly spatial or pattern relation to obrvers and other objects Finally have practical or emotional meaning for obrver
录音笔怎么用If an image is to have value for orientation in the living space, it must have veral qualities: fist one sufficient, pragmatic实用主义n. Second safe. Final, communicable to other individuals.
Imageability
That quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in any given obrver.
A highly imageable (apparent, legible or visible) city in this peculiar特殊的n would em well formed, distinct, remarkable; it would invite the eye and the ear to greater attention and participation.
The perceptive and familiar obrver could absorb new impact without disruption of his basic image, and each new impact could touch upon
many previous elements.
Since image development is a two way process between obrver and obrved, it is possible to str
engthen the image either by symbolic devices, by the retraining of the perceiver, or by reshaping one’s surroundings.
We now able to develope our image of the environment by operation on the external physical shape as well as by an internal learning process.
2Three cities
We suggest principles for urban design by develope and test the idea of imageablility, and also by a comparison of image with visual reality to learn what forms make strong image.
This work was done in conviction(定罪确信) that analys of existing form and its effect on the citizen is one of the foundation stones if city design, and in the hope that some uful techniques for field reconnaissance(侦查勘测)and citizen interview might be developed as by-product(副产品)。
Boston: both vivid in form and full of locational difficulties
Jery city：apparent formlessness
Los Angeles: new city with central gridiron(格子的，网格状的) plan Perpendicular 垂直的
Panoramas 全景图
Fraction 分数，小部分
3.The city image and it’s elements
Five types of elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks
春天有关的诗句1.Paths are channels along which the obrver customarily(通常地，习惯地)，occasionally, or potentially moves. Along the paths other elements are arranged and related.
2.Edges are the linear elements not ud or considered as oaths by the obrver, they are the boundaries between two phas, linear breaks in continuity.
3.Districts are the medium-to-large ctions of the city, having two-dimensional extent snd some common, identifying character.
4.Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an obrver can enter, and which are the intensive foci(焦点) to and from which he is traveling. They can be junctions(连接，衔接) and concentrations. Some concentrations are the focus and epitome(缩影，象征) of a district, over which their influence radiates and of which they stand as a symbol.
5.Landmarks are another type of point-reference but this is external and can not be entered.
The image of a given physical reality may occasionally shift its type with different circumstances of viewing.
Panorama (全景图)
Concentration of special u or activity along a street may give it prominence(突出，显著) in the minds of obrvers.
Characteristic spatial qualities were able to strengthen the image od particular paths.
Special facade characteristics were also important for path identity. Proximity(接近，亲近，临近) to special features of the city could also endow(赋予赠与，天生具有) a path with incread importance. In this ca the path would be acting condarily as an edge.
Other qualities that give importance to single paths were the visual exposure of the path itlf or the visual exposure from the path of other parts of the city.
The path, once identifiable, have continuity as well, is an obvious functional necessity.
Paths may not only be identifiable and continuous, but have directional quality as well: one direction along the line can easily be distinguished from rever. This can be done by a gradient, a regular change in some quality which is cumulative in one direction.
Paths with clear and well-known origins and destinations had stronger identities, helped tie the city together, and gave the obrver a n of his bearings whenever he crosd them.
生茶熟茶的区别
Once a path has directional quality, it may have further attribute(特质，属性，归属v.) of being scaled: one may be able to n one’s position along the total length, to grasp the distance traverd(穿过，横贯，反对) or yet to go.
