猪饲料有效成分估测模型(INRA,2004)
一、介绍
(一) 饲料总能的估测
对某种饲料而言，计算其能值的第一步就是估测其总能(GE)含量，要么通过直接测定饲料完全燃烧的能量卡值，或者是通过饲料的化学成分按预测方程估测。法国农业科学院(INRA)和法国农业生产者协会(AFZ)按饲料类, 总结了某饲料类的基本化学成分与饲料总能之间的预测方程(见表1)，当饲料的基本成分发生变化后，可以用推荐的方程估测饲料的能值。
(二) 能量和养分消化率的估测
第二步包括总能量消化率(dE, %)和主要养分(含氮物质、脂肪、有机物质)消化率的预测。dE的计算显然是按GE×dE/100计算的。dE值受控于其他几种因素而不是化学成分，特别是技术处理和猪的活重。由于可获得数据的缺乏，加工对dE的影响不可能量化，以至于有些加工产品的dE值与其所有原料的dE值一致。
猪的活重对dE的影响可以简单地划分为2个生理阶段；50~70Kg的生长猪，代表小猪和直到150Kg的肥育猪；和成年母猪，代表空怀，妊娠或泌乳母猪。
(三) 应用预测公式的说明
下述预测模型中的参数值均以干物质为基础，有一些方程是2~3个单个方程经权重平均处理后的结果，而单个也可以分别使用。例如，对于预测大麦总能消化率(dE)的方程，可以使用受多个常规成分影响的完整的方程，也可以选用只与粗纤维有关的预测方程，还可以使用只与酸性洗涤纤维有关的预测方程。
表1列出了预测中的缩写符号和含义，能量的单位均为MJ/kg DM, 消化率的单位为%。模型中自变化的单位均为占干物质(DM)的%。
表3和表4总结了猪饲料能量消化率和蛋白质消化率的预测方程。
表1 预测模型中的缩写符号与含义
试用期延长符号 含义 符号 含义
Energy总能
Gross protein粗蛋白 GE
CP Crude
Energy代谢能
Metabolisable fibre粗纤维 ME
CF Crude
Energy消化能
EE Ether extract (crude fat)粗脂肪 DE
Digestible
Energy净能
Net
EEH Ether extract with prior hydrolysis无氮浸出物 NE
NDF Neutral Detergent Fibre中性洗涤纤维dE Digestibility of energy能量消化率
Fibre酸性洗涤纤维dN Digestibility of nitrogen蛋白质消化率
ADF Acid
Detergent
Ash Ash粗灰分
二、用于猪饲料的总能、总能消化率和含氮物质消化率预测方程
表2猪用饲料总能GE的预测方程①
饲料名称 预测饲料总能(GE, MJ/kg DM)的方程
黄昏下0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash
Oats燕麦 17.64+0.0617×CP+ Oat groats去壳燕麦17.64+0.0617 × CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat, durum硬质小麦17.33 +0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat, soft软小麦17.33 + 0.0617 × CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Maize玉米17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387 × CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash 注：①本节模型来自www.inapg.fr/dsa/afz/tables/energie_porc.htm地球毁灭
饲料名称预测饲料总能(GE, MJ/kg DM)的方程
Barley大麦17.48 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387 × CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Rice, brown糙米17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387 × CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Rye黑麦17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Sorghum高粱17.64 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Triticale黑小麦17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat middlings, durum细硬质小麦麸17.64 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat bran, durum硬质小麦麸17.64 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat feed flour饲用小麦粉17.64 + 0.0617× CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat shorts次粉17.64 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat middlings细小麦麸17.64 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387 × CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat bran小麦麸17.64 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat distillers' grains, starch<7%小麦酒糟，淀粉<7%17.91 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat distillers' grains, starch>7%小麦酒糟，淀粉>7%17.91 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat gluten feed, starch 25%小麦面筋饲料，淀粉25% 17.91 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat gluten feed, starch 28%小麦面筋饲料，淀粉28% 17.91 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193× EE - 0.1867×Ash Corn gluten feed玉米蛋白饲料17.64 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Corn gluten meal玉米蛋白粉18.62 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193 × EE - 0.1867×Ash Corn distillers玉米酒糟17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Maize feed flour饲用玉米粉17.64 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Maize bran玉米麸17.91 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Maize germ meal, solvent extracted玉米胚芽粕17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Maize germ meal, expeller玉米胚芽饼17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Hominy feed玉米麸17.33+0.0617× CP+0.0387 × CF + 0.2193 × EE - 0.1867 × Ash
Brewers' dried grains干啤酒糟0.230×CP+0.389×EE+0.174×Starch+0.166×Sugars+0.188× NDF+ 0.177×(100 - Ash - CP - EE - Starch - Sugars - NDF)
Barley rootlets, dried干大麦根17.15 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Rice, broken碎米17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Rice bran, extracted浸提米糠17.91 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Rice bran, full fat全脂米糠17.91 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Rapeed, full fat全脂油菜籽17.81 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Cottoned, full fat全脂棉籽17.81 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Faba bean, white flowers白花蚕豆16.96 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Faba bean, coloured flowers采花蚕豆16.96 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Lined, full fat全脂亚麻籽17.81 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Lupin, white白羽扇豆16.96 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.
2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Lupin, blue蓝羽扇豆16.96 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Pea豌豆16.96 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Chickpea鹰嘴豆17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Soybean, full fat, extruded压榨全脂大豆17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Soybean, full fat, toasted哄烤全脂大豆17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Sunflower ed, full fat全脂向日葵籽17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash
饲料名称预测饲料总能(GE, MJ/kg DM)的方程Groundnut meal, detoxified, crude fibre<9%
脱毒花生粕，含粗纤维<9%
17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Groundnut meal, detoxified, crude fibre>9%
脱毒花生粕，含粗纤维>9%
17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Cocoa meal, extracted浸提可口粉17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Rapeed meal亚麻籽粕17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Copra meal, expeller压榨可口粉17.33 + 0.061
7×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Cottoned meal, crude fibre 7-14%棉籽粕,CF7~14% 17.81 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Cottoned meal, crude fibre 14-20%
棉籽粕,CF14~20%
17.81 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Lined meal, solvent extracted溶剂浸提亚麻籽粕17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Lined meal, expeller压榨亚麻籽饼17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Palm kernel meal, expeller压榨棕榈核仁粉17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Grapeed oil meal, solvent extracted溶剂浸提核仁粕17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Sesame meal, expeller压榨芝麻粕17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Soybean meal, 46大豆粕，CP+Fa t≈46 17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Soybean meal, 48大豆粕，CP+Fa t≈47 17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Soybean meal, 50大豆粕，CP+Fa t≈50 17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Sunflower meal, ndecorticated未脱壳葵花粕17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Sunflower meal, partially decorticated
部分脱壳葵花粕
17.14 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash
三只猴子
Maize starch玉米淀粉0.230×CP+0.389×EE+0.174×Starch+0.166×Sugars+0.188×ND
F + 0.177×(100 - Ash - CP - EE - Starch - Sugars - NDF)
Cassava, starch 67%木薯，含淀粉67% 17.10 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Cassava, starch 72%木薯，含淀粉72% 17.10 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Sweet potato, dried甘薯干17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Potato tuber, dried干马铃薯块茎17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Alfalfa protein concentrate苜蓿蛋白浓缩物18.37 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Cocoa hulls可可豆皮17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Soybean hulls大豆皮16.36 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Buckwheat hulls荞麦皮17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Carob pod meal稻子豆夹饼粉17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Brewers' yeast, dried干啤酒酵母17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Molass, beet甜菜糖蜜16.90 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Molass, sugarcane甘蔗糖蜜16.90 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash
Grape eds葡萄种子17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Citrus pulp, dried干柑橘渣17.10 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Beet pulp, dried干甜菜渣16.90 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Beet pulp, dried, molass added加糖蜜的干甜菜渣16.90 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Beet pulp, presd压榨甜菜渣16.90 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash
Potato pulp, dried干土豆渣0.230CP+0.389×EE+0.174×Starch+0.166×Sugars+ 0.188×NDF + 0.177×(100 - Ash - CP - EE - Starch - Sugars - NDF)
饲料名称预测饲料总能(GE, MJ/kg DM)的方程
Liquid potato feed液体土豆饲料16.90 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Vinas, from the production of glutamic acid
谷氨酸生产中的酒糟
16.90 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash
Vinas, from yeast production来自酵母生产的酒糟16.90 + 0.0617 × CP + 0.2193 × EE - 0.1867×Ash Vinas, different origins不同来源的酒糟16.90 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×As
h
Grass, dehydrated干草17.52 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Alfalfa, dehydrated, protein＜16% dry matter
脱水苜蓿,CP(%DM)＜16%
17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Alfalfa, dehydrated, protein 17-18% dry matter
脱水苜蓿CP(%DM)=17~18%
17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Alfalfa, dehydrated, protein 18-19% dry matter
脱水苜蓿CP(%DM)=18~19%
17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Alfalfa, dehydrated, protein 22-25% dry matter
脱水苜蓿CP(%DM)=22~25%
17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Wheat straw小麦秸秆17.52 + 0.0617×CP + 0.0387×CF + 0.2193×EE - 0.1867×Ash Whey powder, acid酸乳清粉16.59 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Whey powder, sweet甜乳清粉16.59 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Milk powder, skimmed脱脂奶粉17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Milk powder, whole全奶粉17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Fish solubles, condend, fat全脂浓缩鱼汁17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Fish solubles, condend, defatted脱脂浓缩鱼汁17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Fish meal, protein 62%鱼粉,CP62% 17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Fish meal, protein 65%鱼粉,CP65% 17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Fish meal, protein 70%鱼粉,CP70% 17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Meat and bone meal, fat＜7,5 %肉骨粉，脂肪＜7.5% 17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×
Ash
Meat and bone meal, fat ＞ 7,5 %肉骨粉，脂肪＞7.5%17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Blood meal血粉18.45 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
Feather meal羽毛粉17.33 + 0.0617×CP + 0.2193×EEH - 0.1867×Ash
表3 猪饲料总能消化率预测方程
饲料类型猪饲料总能消化率(dE, %)预测方程
燕麦93.6 - 2.13×CF
去壳燕麦粒93.6 - 2.13×CF
硬质小麦粒97.7 - 3.94×CF
软小麦97.7 - 3.94×CF
电脑壁纸动漫玉米([ 97.3 - 3.82 × CF ] + [ 97.4 - 3.11×ADF ] + 88.0 ) / 3
上海进博会
大麦(2×[ 94.2 - 2.53×CF ] + [ 90.9 - 1.72×ADF ] ) / 3
糙米100×(0.225×CP+0.317×EE+0.172×Starch+0.032×NDF+0.163×(100(CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
黑小麦(2 × [ 94.7 - 3.33 × CF ] + 87.3 ) / 3
细硬质小麦麸(2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3 硬质小麦麸(2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
饲料类型猪饲料总能消化率(dE, %)预测方程饲用小麦粉(2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
次粉(2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
细小麦麸(2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
小麦麸(2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
小麦酒糟，淀粉<7% (2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
夏色蜜汗
小麦酒糟，淀粉>7% (2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
小麦面筋饲料，淀粉25% (2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
小麦面筋饲料，淀粉28% (2 × [ 97.5 - 3.9 × CF ] + [ 99.4 - 0.92 × NDF ] ) / 3
玉米面筋饲料(2 × [ 98.7 - 3.94×CF ] + [ 97.4 - 3.11×ADF ] ) / 3
玉米蛋白粉(2 × [ 98.7 - 3.94×CF ] + [ 97.4 - 3.11×ADF ] ) / 3
玉米酒糟(2 × [ 98.7 - 3.94×CF ] + [ 97.4 - 3.11×ADF ] ) / 3
饲用玉米粉(2 × [ 98.7 - 3.94×CF ] + [ 97.4 - 3.11×ADF ] ) / 3
玉米麸(97.3 - 3.83 × CF + 97.4 - 3.11 × ADF + 100 × ( 225 × CP + 317 × EE + 172 × Starch + 32 × NDF + 16.3 × (100 - (CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE)) × 10) / ( GE × 1000))/3
张氏家训
玉米麸(2 × [ 98.7 - 3.94×CF ] + [ 97.4 - 3.11×ADF ] ) / 3 干啤酒糟([ 94.2 - 2.53×CF ] + [ 90.9 - 1.72×ADF ] ) / 2
干大麦根( [ 94.2 - 2.53 CF ] + [ 90.9 - 1.72×ADF ] ) / 2
碎米100×( 0.225×CP + 0.317×EE + 0.172×Starch + 0.032×NDF + 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
全脂棉籽100×( 0.225×CP + 0.317×EE + 0.172×Starch + 0.032×NDF + 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
全脂亚麻籽100×( 0.225×CP + 0.317×EE + 0.172×Starch + 0.032×NDF + 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
脱毒花生粕，含粗纤维<9%100×( 0.225×CP + 0.317×EE + 0.172×Starch + 0.032× NDF + 0.163 × (100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
脱毒花生粕，含粗纤维>9%100×( 0.225×CP + 0.317×EE + 0.172×Starch + 0.032×NDF + 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
萃取可口粉100×( 0.225×CP +0.317×EE+0.172×Starch +0.032×NDF+ 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
亚麻籽粕( [ 97.2 - 1.34 × ADF ] + [ 106.0 - 1.21 × NDF ] ) / 2
压榨可口粉100×(0.225×CP + 0.317×EE +0.172×Starch+0.032×NDF+ 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
棉籽粕,CF7%~14% 100×( 0.225 × CP + 0.317×EE + 0.172×Starch + 0.032×NDF + 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
棉籽粕,CF14%~20% 100×( 0.225×CP + 0.317×EE + 0.172×Starch + 0.032×NDF + 0.163 × (100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
溶剂浸提亚麻籽粕100 × ( 0.225 × CP + 0.317 × EE + 0.172 × Starch + 0.032 × NDF + 0.163 × (100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
压榨亚麻籽饼100×(0.225×CP + 0.317×EE +0.172×Starch+0.032×NDF+ 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
压榨棕榈核仁粉100×( 0.225×CP + 0.317×EE+0.172×Starch+0.032×NDF+ 0.163×(100 - ( CP + Ash + Starch + NDF + EE ))) / GE
