In the colonial America
The year 1620 saw the pilgrim ttling in the tiny colony of plymouth in Massachutts which, due to William Bradford‘s influential work of plymouth plantation ,is now regarded as a beginning of colonial period
1763 saw the symbolic end of the colonial period.
世界第一大岛
The America dream for the puritans ,as the Massachutts puritan governor jhon Winthrop put it ,was to build a “city upon a hill” this is a city should be understood as a religious utopia. On the other hand , the southern respon to America ,to u captain jhon smith‘s expression , was to find the “valley of plenty” ,which donates the pursuit of material abundance
大便变细排便困难“he city upon a hill” and ”the valley of plenty” are clearly two different versions of the American dream. of cour ,another version would be the mixing of the two.
Jonathan Edwards<1703-1758>
Edwards wrote freedom of the will,1754, the doctrine of original sin defended and the nature of true virtue,1758, freedom of the will was his magnum opus
台湾臭豆腐>写作手法都有哪些Benjamin franklin [1706-1790]
A disrtation on liberty and necessity ,pain and pleasure
The age of American romanticism
Belletristic literature
General characteristics romanticism
First , romanticism celebrates the triumph of feeling and intuition over reason
Second if the enlightenment had annulled the middle age , romanticism look back to the middle ages a nostalgic fascination .also ,the “orient” ----especially its ”glorious” past –was a source of fascination . gothic styles, ”oriental” styles and other exotic styles were favored by romanticists.
Third romanticism exalted the individual over society, thus showing a strong disliking for the bondage of convention and customs. As it is sometimes the contradiction ,nostalgia for the past traditions is also a romantic strain.
Fourth nature is believed to be the source of goodness and the antithesis of society as society tends to be corrupt. A related manifestation is the moral enthusiasm exhibited in some romantic writers
Fifth cultural nationalism------or the proud belief in ones culture genius and heritage --- is also a striking characteristic of romanticism
Washington irving
“rip van winkle ” and “the legend of sleepy hollow” the sketch book
彩色马卡龙
His style the general criticism of irving is that he lacks intellectual depths. He wrote of many events ,of the wwar with mexico . of waterloo.
Henry david Thoreau[1817-1862]
Today he is remembered by two of his works ；walden 1845 and the essay civil dis obedience 1849
In the 20th century Gandi bad his doctrine of passive resistance chiefly on Thoreau“s civil disobedience
悲观浪漫主义
Nathaniel hawthorne 1804---1864
The scarlet of letter and hawthorne”s moral vision. 新浪sae
The scarlet of letter 1851. the hou of the ven gables 1851 the blithedale romance 1852 and the marble faun .
Edgar allan poe 1809---1849
Poem
Walt whitman 1819---1892
Leaves of grass
Technically speaking ,Whitman”s poetry is free ver in that the lack oof meter and rhyme is know as his major technical innovation
Harriet beecher stowe
游戏怎么赚钱Uncle tom”s cabin
Frederick douglass 1818 1895 bondage and my freedom
Realism
1. realism reacts against romanticism”s emphasis on intuition , imagination ,a dreamy [or innocent] n of wonder , idealism, faith in nature ,and general optimistic belief in the goodness of thing
三明旅游景点2. realists claim that they ek truth that is verifiable by experience and has practical conquences; they do not ek abstract truth . with a such claim , realists writer are phil
osophically allied with pragmatic which, in the unite states ,are reprented by William james [henry jame”s brother] and jhon dewey . the pragmatic also value high ehical conqunces and conducts
3. realism is embodded ina mimetic theory oof art .”mimesis” means imitation. Realists believe literature imitates reality . but the modernists and postmodernists will later recognize a flaw in the mimetic theory ,namely, the mimetic theory e language as transparent medium and language , conquently, does not play a significant rule in the shaping and defining the reality. Regard language , realists are also attentive to such detail as dialect ,customs, and experiences that are common place and real
4. realists try to describe a small portion of knowable world in order to maintain objectivity. Yet , ironically , any attempt at objectivity has to proceed from totalized vision of the world
5. local color and regional writings constituted the early phra of realism naturalisn is another version of realism in that it follows or implies a biological or socioeconomic deter
minism
